{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T02:33:37Z","timestamp":1782441217094,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Guilford Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Personality Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The conceptualization of personality disorder has been refined through recent nosological advances introduced in the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD). These advances locate self and interpersonal (dys)function at the core of personality pathology. Self-report personality assessment instruments have demonstrated promise in the assessment of Criterion A domains. However, research highlighting the utility of performance-based personality assessment instruments has been largely absent in these advances, despite acknowledgment of their potential. We adhered to PRISMA review guidelines to survey and assess the potential relevance and utility of select performance-based personality instruments in assessing Criterion A domains of the AMPD. We conclude that performance-based personality measures are uniquely positioned to assess maladaptive self- and interpersonal functioning and may address some limitations of self-report measures. Toward this end, we propose a working model that provides ranges of test scores that correspond to the 5-point scale of the Criterion A domains of the AMPD. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2024.38.2.171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T16:05:50Z","timestamp":1712678750000},"page":"171-194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Assessing Criterion A of the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders: The Potential of Performance-Based Personality Measures"],"prefix":"10.1521","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Rucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From The Menninger Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From The Menninger Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Houston."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"377","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019654"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2011.583808"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Attachment theory and research in clinical work with adults","author":"Berant E.","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558410361370"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03926-y"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.09.009"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4701_2"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.11.1.48"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14549-012"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.30.1.113"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890903230931"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"TEMAS (Tell-Me-A-Story) manual","author":"Constantino G.","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9025-1"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.1997.2208"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.695159"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(03)00070-9"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"A human science model for personality assessment with projective techniques","author":"Dana R. H.","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12207-023-09472-6"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033619"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.725"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0037-7856(76)90075-5"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10804-016-9245-6"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8303_11"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"A Rorschach workbook for the Comprehensive System","author":"Exner J. E.","year":"2001","edition":"5"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08873267.1992.9986799"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Essentials of personality disorders","author":"Fonagy P.","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pap0000369"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2011.594133"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA7703_12"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191117731813"},{"key":"ref32","volume":"335","author":"Glickman J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graduate School of Professional Psychology: Doctoral Papers and Masters Projects"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2014.919299"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2020.1848854"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2020.1722244"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167216665093"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_11"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.10.006"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa7003_6"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Measuring ego development","author":"Hy L. X.","year":"1996","edition":"2"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046146"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref42","first-page":"64","volume":"30","author":"Joy S. P.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(196307)19:3<314::AID-JCLP2270190318>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000306516701500309"},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"Severe personality disorders: Psychotherapeutic strategies","author":"Kernberg O. F.","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911221124340"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/bumc.2005.69.4.305"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818697-8.00115-1"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8503_07"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5303_17"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2005.12.002"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.2.172"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08873267.2002.9977035"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12009"},{"key":"ref55","volume-title":"Psychodynamic diagnostic manual: PDM-2","author":"Lingiardi V.","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"Practical management of personality disorders","author":"Livesley J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"Technical foundations for measuring ego development: The Washington University Sentence Completion Test","author":"Loevinger J.","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref58","volume-title":"Measuring ego development","volume":"1","author":"Loevinger J.","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466510X497841"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(197804)34:2<354::AID-JCLP2270340217>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA7703_12"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADE.0000012524.32002.8d"},{"key":"ref63","volume-title":"The search for the real self: Unmasking the personality disorders of our age","author":"Masterson J. F.","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.1971.10119715"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_11"},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"Rorschach Performance Assessment System: Administration, coding, interpretation, and technical manual","author":"Meyer G. J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.2.128"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2017.1306781"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1192-5604\/a000155"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190092689.013.16"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029406"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2016.1201978"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872677703000801"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2011.577853"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000551"},{"key":"ref76","volume-title":"Manual for the Thematic Apperception Test","author":"Murray H. A.","year":"1943"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2015.1063502"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/E8XX-A7J4-Y4CU-GQBF"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911221146516"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref80","first-page":"83","volume":"22","author":"Piotrowski C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref81","first-page":"220","volume":"42","author":"Piotrowski C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"60","volume":"25","author":"Piotrowski C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8203_07"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2010.497421"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0042841"},{"key":"ref86","volume-title":"Psychodiagnostics; A diagnostic test based on perception, including Rorschach's paper, The application of the form interpretation test","author":"Rorschach H.","year":"1942"},{"key":"ref87","volume-title":"Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank","author":"Rotter J. B.","year":"1992","edition":"2"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2021_35_535"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref89","first-page":"18","volume":"30","author":"Rucker J. T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0091651X.1969.10120610"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref91","first-page":"213","volume":"9","author":"Schorr A.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Euro-pean Journal of Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0059163"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2022.2119860"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.20220016"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081219-105402"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2017.1336716"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001263"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2017.1411917"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315207629"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2016.1195394"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2012.668594"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.78.1.20"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024427"},{"key":"ref104","volume-title":"Thurston-Cradock Test of Shame","author":"Thurston N. S.","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2015.1015679"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.05.012"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2022.2028795"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9450.00052"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0044186"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pro0000071"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000454"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14549-011"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890802388491"},{"key":"ref114","volume-title":"Personality development: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical investigations of Loevinger's conception of ego development","author":"Westenberg P. M.","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.65.4.792"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00383.x"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003127291"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personality Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T16:07:39Z","timestamp":1712678859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/guilfordjournals.com\/doi\/10.1521\/pedi.2024.38.2.171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1521\/pedi.2024.38.2.171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi.2024.38.2.171","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-579X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-579X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}}}