{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:36:32Z","timestamp":1788572192963,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Compuscript, Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Orientia tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Ot<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), an intracellular bacterium in the family Rickettsiaceae, is the etiological agent of scrub typhus. Understanding of the immunologic responses to\n                    <jats:italic>Ot<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, particularly immunity after infection, has remained a major knowledge gap. Although anti-\n                    <jats:italic>Ot<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG appears to be short-lived in infected humans, recent studies have reported autoreactive IgM antibodies in people with scrub typhus, including antibodies reactive to nuclear components, DNA, and platelets. However, mechanistic studies of B cell responses in the secondary lymphoid organs of infected humans are severely lacking. This article highlights feasible methods to investigate important aspects of humoral immunity, and avenues to obtain samples from post-mortem and ante-mortem\n                    <jats:italic>Ot<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected people. A pioneer study identified that serum passive transfer could protect against homologous Ot challenge. Studies comparing humoral immune responses to\n                    <jats:italic>Ot<\/jats:italic>\n                    Karp versus Gilliam strains have revealed impaired B cell and germinal center (GC) responses during severe, but not self-limiting, infection in C57BL\/6 mice. Further studies are needed, particularly in people with scrub typhus, to help understand and define deficiencies in the acute B cell response and long-lived humoral immunity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15212\/zoonoses-2025-0020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T03:15:13Z","timestamp":1756955713000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Humoral Immune Response to Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection: Recent Research Findings and Future Studies"],"prefix":"10.15212","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Casey","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Soong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5858","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(80)90254-0","article-title":"The longevity of antibody to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in patients with confirmed scrub typhus","volume":"74","author":"JP Saunders","year":"1980","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"r2","article-title":"Longevity of antibody and T-cell responses against outer membrane antigens of Orientia tsutsugamushi in scrub typhus patients","volume":"6","author":"NY Ha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes 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responses in mice with severe versus mild Orientia tsutsugamushi infection","author":"C Gonzales","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"8","key":"r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004884","article-title":"An intradermal inoculation mouse model for immunological investigations of acute scrub typhus and persistent infection","volume":"10","author":"L Soong","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011445","article-title":"Differential cellular immune responses against Orientia tsutsugamushi Karp and Gilliam strains following acute infection in mice","volume":"17","author":"JD Thiriot","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002966","article-title":"Hematogenously disseminated Orientia tsutsugamushi-infected murine model of scrub typhus 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