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Mirrored letters, however, are distinct orthographic units and must be identified as different despite having the same shape. Consistent with this phenomenon, a small, localized region in the ventral visual stream, the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA), exhibits repetition suppression to both identical and mirror pairs of objects but only to identical, not mirror, pairs of letters (\nPegado et al., 2011), a phenomenon named mirror invariance \u201cbreaking\u201d. The ability of congenitally blind individuals to \u201cbreak\u201d mirror invariance for pairs of mirrored Braille letters has been demonstrated behaviorally (\nde Heering et al., 2018, \nKorczyk et al., 2024). However, its neural underpinnings have not yet been investigated. Here, in an fMRI repetition suppression paradigm, congenitally blind individuals (8 males and 10 females) recognized pairs of everyday objects and Braille letters in identical (\u201cp\u201d and \u201cp\u201d), mirror (\u201cp\u201d and \u201cq\u201d), and different (\u201cp\u201d and \u201cz\u201d) orientations. We found repetition suppression for identical and mirror pairs of everyday objects in the parietal and ventral-lateral occipital cortex, indicating that mirror-invariant object recognition engages the ventral visual stream in tactile modality as well. However, repetition suppression for identical but not mirrored pairs of Braille letters was found not in the VWFA, but in broad areas of the left parietal cortex and the lateral occipital cortex. These results suggest that reading-related orthographic processes in blind individuals depend on different neural computations than those of the sighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0002-25.2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T18:50:19Z","timestamp":1765306219000},"page":"ENEURO.0002-25.2025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/eneuro.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Repetition Suppression for Mirror Images of Objects and Not Braille Letters in the Ventral Visual Stream of Congenitally Blind Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1296-6502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maksymilian","family":"Korczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"R\u0105czy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Szwed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012210551439000_13.1.ENEURO.0002-25.2025.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2015.12.009","article-title":"Inhibition of the mirror generalization process in reading in school-aged children","volume":"145","author":"Ahr","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"key":"2026012210551439000_13.1.ENEURO.0002-25.2025.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1912"},{"key":"2026012210551439000_13.1.ENEURO.0002-25.2025.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.03.007"},{"key":"2026012210551439000_13.1.ENEURO.0002-25.2025.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2173-y"},{"key":"2026012210551439000_13.1.ENEURO.0002-25.2025.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.06.003"},{"key":"2026012210551439000_13.1.ENEURO.0002-25.2025.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.06.053"},{"key":"2026012210551439000_13.1.ENEURO.0002-25.2025.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155394"},{"key":"2026012210551439000_13.1.ENEURO.0002-25.2025.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0376-23.2023"},{"key":"2026012210551439000_13.1.ENEURO.0002-25.2025.9","first-page":"133","article-title":"Tactile spatial working memory activates the dorsal extrastriate cortical pathway in congenitally blind individuals","volume":"146","author":"Bonino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ital Biol"},{"key":"2026012210551439000_13.1.ENEURO.0002-25.2025.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904402107"},{"key":"2026012210551439000_13.1.ENEURO.0002-25.2025.11","unstructured":"Brett M , Anton JL , Valabregue R , Poline JB (2002) Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox. 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