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Another major, albeit contrasting, discovery was made in the 1950s, when William Young\u2019s group reported that male guinea pigs and prenatally testosterone-treated female guinea pigs are relatively insensitive to estrogen when tested for lordosis as adults. Reduced estrogen sensitivity was part of the new concept of organization of the neural tissues mediating the sexual behavior of females into tissues similar to those of males. The importance of neural organization by early androgen stimulation was realized immediately and led to the discovery of a variety of sex differences in the brains of adult animals. By contrast, the importance of the metabolism of testosterone into estrogen in the male was recognized only after a delay. While the finding that males are sensitive to estrogen was based on Bernhard Zondek\u2019s discovery in 1934 that testosterone is metabolized into estrogen in males, the finding that males are insensitive to estrogen was based on the hypothesis that testosterone\u2013male sexual behavior is the typical relationship in the male. It is suggested that this difference in theoretical framework explains the discrepancies in some of the reported results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0058-15.2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,3]],"date-time":"2015-11-03T01:45:30Z","timestamp":1446515130000},"page":"ENEURO.0058-15.2015","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Steinach and Young, Discoverers of the Effects of Estrogen on Male Sexual Behavior and the \u201cMale Brain\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Per","family":"S\u00f6dersten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023022708074882000_2.6.ENEURO.0058-15.2015.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0018-506X(74)90029-4"},{"key":"2023022708074882000_2.6.ENEURO.0058-15.2015.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-59-1-74"},{"key":"2023022708074882000_2.6.ENEURO.0058-15.2015.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0018-506X(85)90042-X"},{"key":"2023022708074882000_2.6.ENEURO.0058-15.2015.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061357"},{"key":"2023022708074882000_2.6.ENEURO.0058-15.2015.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055342"},{"key":"2023022708074882000_2.6.ENEURO.0058-15.2015.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ball GF , Balthazart J (2012) Introduction. 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