{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T16:25:35Z","timestamp":1793809535994,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,4,1]],"date-time":"2027-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1806537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RIKEN Center for Brain Science (CBS)-TOYOTA Collaboration Center","award":["FY2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04j1n1c04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research Funding","award":["Budget No. 101498-202501000003-680110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Budget No. 101498-202501000003-680110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eneuro.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eNeuro"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Self-monitoring in decision-making is a hallmark of self-improvement in cognitive processes. To enhance outcomes in future decisions, individuals must accurately assess the correctness of prior choices and apply the information to control subsequent decisions. Although metacognition encompasses monitoring and control functions, the neural mechanisms underlying these processes and their relationships remain unclear. Furthermore, while the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is implicated in both functions, their distinct neural substrates and interrelations require further elucidation. In this study, we employed a sequential perceptual decision-making task with confidence ratings to examine how initial confidence influences subsequent decisions while recording neural activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Subjects (female and male) performed a visual discrimination of two different-sized stimuli and subsequently rated their decision confidence. Behavioral results showed that subjects were more likely to change their choices between initial and subsequent decisions according to confidence levels. A signature of confidence (confidence magnitude) in initial decisions was observed primarily in the anterior medial PFC (amPFC). In contrast, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) exhibited higher neural activity related to changes of their initial choice at subsequent decisions. Furthermore, the pregenual ACC (pgACC) was associated with both processes, and it exhibited effective connectivity with the amPFC and dACC. These findings suggest that the medial PFC plays a role in integrating metacognitive monitoring and subsequent control in the sequential decision-making processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0104-25.2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:50:15Z","timestamp":1792518615000},"page":"ENEURO.0104-25.2025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/eneuro.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neural Mechanisms Underlying Metacognitive Processes in Sequential Decision-Making"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Nanjo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Aguilar-Lleyda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3088"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800795115"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3328-08.2009"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1326-21.2022"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0797-14.2015"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.624"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12126"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(03)00203-9"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damasio AR , Anderson SW (1993) The frontal lobes. In: Clinical neuropsychology ( Heilman KM , Valenstein E , eds), pp 409\u2013460. New York: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195081237.003.0014"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.04.061"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617744771"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00509.x"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.060"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602413113"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.2000.0447"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602413113"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.34.10.906"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1191883"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6489-11.2012"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0104-6","article-title":"Neural mediators of changes of mind about perceptual decisions","volume":"21","author":"Fleming","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000045"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00202-7"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18933"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.03.034"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.032"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2856"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403743101"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290260138672"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.015"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169405"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.05.022)"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1216930"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01442"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022171","article-title":"Subjective confidence in perceptual judgments: a test of the self-consistency model","volume":"140","author":"Koriat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025648"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4064"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107502"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.40","unstructured":"Mai JK , Majtanik M , Paxinos G (2015) Atlas of the human brain . Amsterdam: Academic Press."},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2022.102216"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000746"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1890-12.2013"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2238-12.2013"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2360-17.2018"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.11946"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.06.001"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.48","first-page":"125","article-title":"Metamemory: a theoretical framework and new findings","volume-title":"Psychology of learning and motivation","volume":"Vol. 26","author":"Nelson","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.005"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.2.175"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.01.004"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.3.206"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy124"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passingham RE (2021) Understanding the prefrontal cortex: selective advantage, connectivity, and neural operations . Oxford: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198844570.001.0001"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passingham RE , Wise SP (2012) The neurobiology of the prefrontal cortex: anatomy, evolution, and the origin of insight . Oxford: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199552917.001.0001"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000709"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22036"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.167"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2004037"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117093","article-title":"Evidence accumulation during perceptual decision-making is sensitive to the dynamics of attentional selection","volume":"220","author":"Rangelov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08275"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116189"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac146"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.4.1916"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4384"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.2000.0450"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.039"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.061"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.078"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.04.262"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.015"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2012"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogt B (2009) Cingulate neurobiology and disease . Oxford: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198566960.001.0001"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(02)00046-0"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27420","article-title":"Quantitative evaluations of geometrical distortion corrections in cortical surface-based analysis of high-resolution functional MRI data at 7T","volume":"53","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0416"},{"key":"2026110407350785000_13.10.ENEURO.0104-25.2025.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.06.031"}],"container-title":["eneuro"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0104-25.2025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0104-25.2025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T15:35:17Z","timestamp":1793806517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eneuro.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0104-25.2025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1523\/ENEURO.0104-25.2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/eneuro.0104-25.2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-2822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-2822","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}}}