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Previous studies have linked cognitive control to electrophysiological fluctuations in the \u03b8 band and \u03b8-\u03b3 cross-frequency coupling (CFC) arising from the cingulate and frontal cortices. However, to date, the behavioral consequences of different forms of \u03b8-\u03b3 CFC remain elusive. Here, we studied the behavioral effects of the \u03b8-\u03b3 CFC via transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) designed to stimulate the frontal and cingulate cortices in humans. Using a double-blind, randomized, repeated measures study design, 24 healthy participants were subjected to three active and one control CFC-tACS conditions. In the active conditions, 80-Hz \u03b3 tACS was coupled to 4-Hz \u03b8 tACS. Specifically, in two of the active conditions, short \u03b3 bursts were coupled to the delivered \u03b8 cycle to coincide with either its peaks or troughs. In the third active condition, the phase of a \u03b8 cycle modulated the amplitude of the \u03b3 oscillation. In the fourth, control protocol, 80-Hz tACS was continuously superimposed over the 4-Hz tACS, therefore lacking any phase specificity in the CFC. During the 20 min of stimulation, the participants performed a Go\/NoGo monetary reward-based and punishment-based instrumental learning task. A Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression analysis revealed that relative to the control, the peak-coupled tACS had no effects on the behavioral performance, whereas the trough-coupled tACS and, to a lesser extent, amplitude-modulated tACS reduced performance in conflicting trials. Our results suggest that cognitive control depends on the phase specificity of the \u03b8-\u03b3 CFC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0126-20.2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]],"date-time":"2020-08-06T21:19:49Z","timestamp":1596748789000},"page":"ENEURO.0126-20.2020","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["\u03b8-\u03b3 Cross-Frequency Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation over the Trough Impairs Cognitive Control"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8130-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsolt","family":"Turi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0205-7353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Mittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Lehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"B\u00fcrger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Antal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/CPSY_a_00002"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.04.035"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.007"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1756-16.2017"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2018-017"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.09.001"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v076.i01"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.012"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5754-12.2013"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.06.004"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01515"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.07.007"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2006.03.006"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011136"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14497"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202229109"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.01.003"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4674-12.2013"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.19","first-page":"35","article-title":"Cognitive neurophysiology of the prefrontal cortex","volume-title":"Handb Clin Neurol","volume":"163","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0178579","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178579","article-title":"Enhancement of multitasking performance and neural oscillations by transcranial alternating current stimulation","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023041302150657000_7.5.ENEURO.0126-20.2020.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruschke J (2014) Doing Bayesian data analysis: a tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan. 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