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Using the large and relatively diverse (i.e., designed to reflect sociodemographic variation in the United States population) Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study), we characterized the impact of PTB on brain structure in middle-late childhood (9\u201310\u2009years). The ABCD sample covers the GA spectrum, and the large sample size (\u223c11,500) permits consideration of how associations between PTB and brain structure are impacted by GA, sex, birthweight, and analytic choices such as controlling for total brain size. We found a pattern of relative cortical thinning in temporoparietal and dorsal prefrontal regions and thickening of medial prefrontal and occipital regions in PTB compared with children born full term (\u226537\u2009weeks GA). This pattern was apparent when controlling for mean thickness and when considering moderate (&gt;32 and &lt;37\u2009weeks GA) and very PTB (\u226432\u2009weeks GA) separately, relative to full term birth. Surface area (SA) and subcortical volumes showed reductions in PTB children that were largely attenuated when controlling for brain size. Effects on cortical thickness (CT) and surface area were partially mediated by birthweight. Although boys are at increased risk for adverse outcomes following PTB, there was limited evidence of sex differences of PTB effects. Finally, cortical thickness effects estimated in a \u201cdiscovery\u201d sample (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097528) predicted GA in a holdout \u201creplication\u201d sample (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092139). Our findings help to clarify the effects of PTB on brain structure into late childhood across the GA spectrum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0196-22.2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T17:50:13Z","timestamp":1685987413000},"page":"ENEURO.0196-22.2023","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Long-Term Effects of Preterm Birth on Children\u2019s Brain Structure: An Analysis of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) 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