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While the electrophysiological readout of tDCS effects is subtle, astrocytes have been demonstrated to elicit Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>elevations during tDCS in a rodent model. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of tDCS on another major glial cell type, microglia, by histology and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>imaging. tDCS performed in awake conditions induced a significant change in the pixel intensity distribution of Iba-1 immunohistochemistry, and microglial somata were enlarged when examined 3 h after tDCS. These effects were blocked by adrenergic receptor antagonists or in IP<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>R2 (inositol trisphosphate receptor type 2)-deficient mice, which lack large cytosolic Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>elevations in astrocytes. No obvious changes were observed in isoflurane-anesthetized mice. Furthermore,<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>two-photon imaging of microglia showed a reduction of motility that was blocked by a \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Our observations add support for the influence of noradrenaline in tDCS and suggest possible interactions between microglia and astrocytes to express functional changes associated with tDCS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0204-19.2019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T21:45:15Z","timestamp":1566596715000},"page":"ENEURO.0204-19.2019","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Induces Adrenergic Receptor-Dependent Microglial Morphological Changes in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Tsuneko","family":"Mishima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terumi","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuko","family":"Yahagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonam","family":"Akther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9574-0404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Oe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromu","family":"Monai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Kohsaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3806-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hajime","family":"Hirase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041302140257000_6.5.ENEURO.0204-19.2019.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.02.007"},{"key":"2023041302140257000_6.5.ENEURO.0204-19.2019.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn040"},{"key":"2023041302140257000_6.5.ENEURO.0204-19.2019.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.06.004"},{"key":"2023041302140257000_6.5.ENEURO.0204-19.2019.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.03.002"},{"key":"2023041302140257000_6.5.ENEURO.0204-19.2019.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0730-12.2012"},{"key":"2023041302140257000_6.5.ENEURO.0204-19.2019.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocco S , Podda MV , Grassi C (2018) Role of BDNF signaling in memory enhancement induced by transcranial direct current stimulation. 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