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It is often characterized as automatic and resource-independent, suggesting that it is insulated from cognitive influence. Here, we asked whether implicit adaptation is sensitive to goal-directed attentional demands imposed by a concurrent visual task. Across two experiments, we used clamped visual feedback to measure implicit adaptation while human adults (49 females, 23 males) monitored a rapidly changing visual stream for targets. In Experiment 1, participants performing the visual task showed modest early enhancement in implicit adaptation relative to a single-task control condition. In Experiment 2, adding response-contingent feedback to the visual task led to stronger and more sustained enhancement. Visual task accuracy and implicit adaptation were uncorrelated, arguing against resource competition. Model-based analyses revealed elevated error sensitivity under dual-task conditions, with individual differences reflecting an inverse relationship between error sensitivity and retention. These patterns are compatible with arousal-mediated modulation of cerebellar error processing and hierarchical models of cerebellar learning. Together, these findings suggest that implicit adaptation is automatic but not autonomous: while it operates outside voluntary control, it appears open to the physiological states in which errors are experienced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0243-25.2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T18:50:12Z","timestamp":1771527012000},"page":"ENEURO.0243-25.2026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/eneuro.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automatic, But Not Autonomous: Implicit Adaptation Is Modulated by Goal-Directed Attentional Demands"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2081-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Liddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean R.","family":"O\u2019Bryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Daskalopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6303-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joo-Hyun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65361"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00197.2017"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21351"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20723"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avraham G , Ivry RB (2024) Interference underlies attenuation upon relearning in sensorimotor adaptation (p. 2024.05.27.596118). bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.05.27.596118","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.27.596118"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001147"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000554","article-title":"Troubleshooting Bayesian cognitive models","volume":"30","author":"Baribault","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00009.2015"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015044"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00066.2015"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.02.022"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36633"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3428"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.39301"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2158-x"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614551642"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.10.2.252"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.028"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-018-0021-y","article-title":"Invariant errors reveal limitations in motor correction rather than constraints on error sensitivity","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.39882"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.21","unstructured":"Kleiner M , Brainard D , Pelli D (2007) What\u2019s new in Psychtoolbox-3?"},{"key":"2026031910501362000_13.3.ENEURO.0243-25.2026.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krakauer JW , Hadjiosif AM , Xu J , Wong AL , Haith AM (2019) Motor learning. 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