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It projects onto numerous cortical and limbic areas underlying attack behavior. The specific neurocircuit through which the DR regulates aggression, however, is largely unclear. In this study we show that DR neurons expressing CaMKII\u03b1 are activated by attack behavior in mice. These neurons project to the medial aspect of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; MeOC) and the medial amygdala (MeA), two key regions within the neural circuit known to control aggressive behavior. Using an<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>optogenetic approach, we show that attack bouts are shortened by inhibiting CaMKII\u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>neurons in the DR and their axons at the MeOC and prolonged by stimulating the DR-MeOC axons during an attack. By contrast, stimulating the axons of CaMKII\u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>DR neurons at the MeA shortens attack. Notably, neither the DR-MeOC or DR-MeA pathway initiates attack when stimulated. These results indicate that the DR-MeOC and DR-MeA pathways regulate the duration of attack behavior in opposite directions, revealing a circuit mechanism for the control of attack by the DR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0331-20.2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T21:52:04Z","timestamp":1602712324000},"page":"ENEURO.0331-20.2020","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Dorsal Raphe Regulates the Duration of Attack through the Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex and Medial Amygdala"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2513-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Nordman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2978-2531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.201"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/14833"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00163"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90188-8"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu101"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00276-8"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6773(77)90308-X"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0337-16.2017"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0954-y"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2383-13.2013"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7939668"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj120"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.024"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2009.05.005"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2083-5"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0333-3"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18601"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.5.1231"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2495"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(95)00053-4"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.09.017"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.02.1175"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.04.008"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.07.049"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.46464"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(99)00142-9"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-02-00611.1994"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)00563-K"},{"key":"2023041302150689000_7.5.ENEURO.0331-20.2020.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koolhaas JM , Coppens CM , de Boer SF , Buwalda B , Meerlo P , Timmermans PJ (2013) The resident-intruder paradigm: a standardized test for aggression, violence and social stress. 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