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It has been recently proposed that individualizing stimulation dose by accounting for interindividual anatomic differences would reduce the variability in electric fields (E-fields) over the targeted cortical site and therefore produce more consistent behavioral outcomes. However, improvement in behavioral outcomes following individualized dose tES has never been compared with that of conventional fixed dose tES. In this study, we aimed to empirically evaluate the effect of individualized dose tES on behavior and further compare it with the effects of sham and fixed dose stimulations. We conducted a single-blinded, sham-controlled, repeated-measures study to examine the impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on motor learning and that of transcranial alternating current stimulation on the working memory of 42 healthy adult individuals. Each participant underwent three sessions of tES, receiving fixed dose, individualized dose, or sham stimulation over the targeted brain region for the entire behavioral task. Our results showed that the individualized dose reduced the variability in E-fields at the targeted cortical surfaces. However, there was no significant effect of tES on behavioral outcomes. We argue that although the stimulation dose and E-field intensity at the targeted cortical site are linearly correlated, the effect of E-fields on behavior seems to be more complex. Effective optimization of tES protocols warrants further research considering both neuroanatomical and functional aspects of behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0374-22.2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T18:55:19Z","timestamp":1703271319000},"page":"ENEURO.0374-22.2023","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Behavioral Validation of Individualized Low-Intensity Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) Protocols"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1664-8798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajat","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7892-7496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sainath","family":"Murali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4834-3016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nivethida","family":"Thirugnanasambandam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023122210551013000_10.12.ENEURO.0374-22.2023.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10581-7"},{"key":"2023122210551013000_10.12.ENEURO.0374-22.2023.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.01.039"},{"key":"2023122210551013000_10.12.ENEURO.0374-22.2023.3","first-page":"1981","article-title":"Modulating motor learning through transcranial direct-current stimulation: an integrative view","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2023122210551013000_10.12.ENEURO.0374-22.2023.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05896.x"},{"key":"2023122210551013000_10.12.ENEURO.0374-22.2023.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-019-00702-2","article-title":"Slow theta tACS of the right parietal cortex enhances contralateral visual working memory capacity","volume":"32","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"2023122210551013000_10.12.ENEURO.0374-22.2023.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15563","article-title":"Modulating verbal working memory with fronto-parietal transcranial electric stimulation at theta frequency: does it work?","volume":"55","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023122210551013000_10.12.ENEURO.0374-22.2023.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06090.x"},{"key":"2023122210551013000_10.12.ENEURO.0374-22.2023.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13342","article-title":"Electric field strength from prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation determines degree of working memory response: a potential application of reverse-calculation modeling?","volume":"25","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2023122210551013000_10.12.ENEURO.0374-22.2023.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858420936167","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation and cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders: systematic review of the evidence and future directions","volume":"27","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"2023122210551013000_10.12.ENEURO.0374-22.2023.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005"},{"key":"2023122210551013000_10.12.ENEURO.0374-22.2023.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20718"},{"key":"2023122210551013000_10.12.ENEURO.0374-22.2023.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkin LA , Kay M , Higgins JJ , Wobbrock JO (2021) An aligned rank transform procedure for multifactor contrast tests. 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