{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T18:05:55Z","timestamp":1784311555084,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["eneuro.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eNeuro"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past decades, chronobiology has attracted great attention thanks to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the circadian cycle. Now, growing evidence suggests that cycles longer than circadian, so-called \u201cmultidien\u201d cycles, are of crucial importance in physiological fluctuations spanning multiple days with repercussions in health and disease. Unlike circadian clocks, multidien cycles may not be genetically encoded, given their heterogeneity within and across individuals and systems. Here, we propose that multidien cycles may be generated by the interaction between partially coupled circadian oscillators. To demonstrate this possibility theoretically, we use a ring model of coupled circadian oscillators and study how synchrony within this network evolves over time. We found that a free-running, about-weekly period robustly emerges from the network\u2019s dynamics. A range of additional multidien cycles resulted from subtle variations in the coupling parameters within the network with periodicities reminiscent of those observed across different species. Thus, our model of emergent multidien cycles from partial circadian synchrony constitutes a credible hypothesis for explaining the timing of a myriad of events on the scale of weeks and months in health and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0464-25.2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:56:46Z","timestamp":1782842206000},"page":"ENEURO.0464-25.2026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/eneuro.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emergent Multidien Cycles From Partial Circadian Synchrony"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0979-6458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc G.","family":"Leguia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime O.","family":"Baud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph G.","family":"Andrzejak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.174102"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053114","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4983841","article-title":"Generalized synchronization between chimera states","volume":"27","author":"Andrzejak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chaos Interdiscipl J Nonlin Sci"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.02.003"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.509"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/312752a0"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02577-y"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.02.006"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730415618297"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-009-9221-2"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145919"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00799-7","article-title":"Common multi-day rhythms in smartphone behavior","volume":"6","author":"Ceolini","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.12","first-page":"21","article-title":"Centenary celebration of Franz Halberg, a Maverick ahead of his time","volume":"13","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Heart J"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.01.708870"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024241297652"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa008"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03555-7"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.31.030169.003331"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.003"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoke M , Lehnertz K , Pantev C , L\u00fctkenh\u00f6ner B (1989) Spatiotemporal aspects of synergetic processes in the auditory cortex as revealed by the magnetoencephalogram. In: Brain dynamics (Ba\u015far E, Bullock TH, eds), pp 84\u2013105. Berlin: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74557-7_7"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2020.1785010"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30274-6"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103619","article-title":"Multiday cycles of heart rate are associated with seizure likelihood: an observational cohort study","volume":"72","author":"Karoly","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.119.264101"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuramoto Y (1984) Chemical turbulence. In: Chemical oscillations, waves, and turbulence (Kuramoto Y, ed), pp 111\u2013140. Berlin: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69689-3_7"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.25","unstructured":"Kuramoto Y , Battogtokh D (2002) Coexistence of coherence and incoherence in nonlocally coupled phase oscillators."},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4997181","article-title":"Long-period clocks from short-period oscillators","volume":"27","author":"Labavi\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chaos Interdiscipl J Nonlin Sci"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:4<194::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.5370","article-title":"Seizure cycles in focal epilepsy","volume":"78","author":"Leguia","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17406"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02909422","article-title":"Circaseptan (about-7-day) bioperiodicity\u2014spontaneous and reactive\u2014and the search for pacemakers","volume":"12","author":"Levi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ric Clin Lab"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15908-3"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2041-x"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30396-3"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103698","article-title":"Human multidien rhythms","volume":"74","author":"Proix","year":"2021","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000326","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6180.1000326","article-title":"Biological rhythms, metabolism and function in feathered dinosaurs; as determined by biostatistics","volume":"7","author":"Qualls","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biom Biostat"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00189","article-title":"An overview of monthly rhythms and clocks","volume":"8","author":"Raible","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.11.013"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2016.1236807"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5097570","article-title":"Controlling chimera states via minimal coupling modification","volume":"29","author":"Ruzzene","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chaos Interdiscipl J Nonlin Sci"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11318620-000000000-00000"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.22.8619"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90207-2"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.43","first-page":"283","article-title":"Generalized nonnegative matrix approximations with Bregman divergences","volume":"18","author":"Sra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add0846"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.81.3291"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1081\/CEH-120024984","article-title":"Effects of autogenic training and antihypertensive agents on circadian and circaseptan variation of blood pressure","volume":"25","author":"Watanabe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.2.179"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015201","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.84.015201","article-title":"Chimera states are chaotic transients","volume":"84","author":"Wolfrum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003957"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104656","article-title":"Forecasting seizure likelihood from cycles of self-reported events and heart rate: a prospective pilot study","volume":"93","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1536\/jhj.40.227"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03522","article-title":"Robustness of chimera states in complex dynamical systems","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(84)90015-1"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.54","first-page":"1","article-title":"The lunar cycle: effects on human and animal behavior and physiology","volume":"60","author":"Zimecki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online)"},{"key":"2026071710501702000_13.7.ENEURO.0464-25.2026.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2008.01229.x"}],"container-title":["eneuro"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0464-25.2026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:50:25Z","timestamp":1784310625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eneuro.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0464-25.2026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1523\/ENEURO.0464-25.2026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/eneuro.0464-25.2026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-2822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-2822","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]}}}