{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:55:18Z","timestamp":1791093318859,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,25]],"date-time":"2005-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1132876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":184,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the central issues in developmental neurobiology is how the forebrain is organized ontogenetically. The traditional view is that the anterior neuroectoderm first develops into mesencephalic and prosencephalic vesicles; the latter vesicle subsequently develops into the diencephalon and secondary prosencephalon, of which dorsal parts protrude to generate the telencephalon. The diencephalon yields the pretectum, thalamus, and prethalamus, and the telencephalon produces the archipallium, neopallium, and ganglionic eminences. By identifying cell descendants that once expressed<jats:italic>Emx2<\/jats:italic>with use of the<jats:italic>Cre<\/jats:italic>knock-in mutant into the<jats:italic>Emx2<\/jats:italic>locus and analyzing phenotypes of double mutants between<jats:italic>Emx2<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Otx2\/Otx1<\/jats:italic>and between<jats:italic>Emx2<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Pax6<\/jats:italic>, we propose that at the 3-6 somite stage, the anterior neuroectoderm develops into three primordia: midbrain, caudal forebrain, and rostral forebrain. The caudal forebrain primordium generates not only the pretectum, thalamus, and prethalamus but also the archipallium, cortical hem, choroid plexus, choroidal roof, and eminentia thalami. The primordium corresponds to the<jats:italic>Emx2<\/jats:italic>- or<jats:italic>Pax6<\/jats:italic>-positive region at the 3-6 somite stage that most probably does not include the future neopallium or commissural plate.<jats:italic>Otx2<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Otx1<\/jats:italic>that are expressed in the entire future forebrain and midbrain cooperate with this<jats:italic>Emx2<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Pax6<\/jats:italic>expression in the development of the caudal forebrain primordium;<jats:italic>Emx2<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Pax6<\/jats:italic>functions are redundant. In the embryonic day 9.5<jats:italic>Emx2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-<jats:italic>\/<\/jats:italic>-<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>Pax6<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-<jats:italic>\/<\/jats:italic>-<\/jats:sup>double mutant, the caudal forebrain remained unspecified and subsequently transformed into tectum in a mirror image of the endogenous one.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0239-05.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,25]],"date-time":"2005-05-25T21:23:52Z","timestamp":1117056232000},"page":"5097-5108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["<i>Emx2<\/i>and<i>Pax6<\/i>Function in Cooperation with<i>Otx2<\/i>and<i>Otx1<\/i>to Develop Caudal Forebrain Primordium That Includes Future 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