{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:25:56Z","timestamp":1790234756849,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,11]],"date-time":"2014-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":181,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Spasmodic dysphonia is a primary focal dystonia characterized by involuntary spasms in the laryngeal muscles during speech production. The pathophysiology of spasmodic dysphonia is thought to involve structural and functional abnormalities in the basal ganglia\u2013thalamo-cortical circuitry; however, neurochemical correlates underpinning these abnormalities as well as their relations to spasmodic dysphonia symptoms remain unknown. We used positron emission tomography with the radioligand [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]raclopride (RAC) to study striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission at the resting state and during production of symptomatic sentences and asymptomatic finger tapping in spasmodic dysphonia patients. We found that patients, compared to healthy controls, had bilaterally decreased RAC binding potential (BP) to striatal dopamine D\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptors on average by 29.2%, which was associated with decreased RAC displacement (RAC \u0394BP) in the left striatum during symptomatic speaking (group average difference 10.2%), but increased RAC \u0394BP in the bilateral striatum during asymptomatic tapping (group average difference 10.1%). Patients with more severe voice symptoms and subclinically longer reaction time to initiate the tapping sequence had greater RAC \u0394BP measures, while longer duration of spasmodic dysphonia was associated with a decrease in task-induced RAC \u0394BP. Decreased dopaminergic transmission during symptomatic speech production may represent a disorder-specific pathophysiological trait involved in symptom generation, whereas increased dopaminergic function during unaffected task performance may be explained by a compensatory adaptation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system possibly due to decreased striatal D\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptor availability. These changes can be linked to the clinical and subclinical features of spasmodic dysphonia and may represent the neurochemical basis of basal ganglia alterations in this disorder.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0407-13.2013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,11]],"date-time":"2013-09-11T12:43:06Z","timestamp":1378903386000},"page":"14705-14714","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Abnormal Striatal Dopaminergic Neurotransmission during Rest and Task Production in Spasmodic Dysphonia"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Kristina","family":"Simonyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Herscovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041304063682000_33.37.14705.1","unstructured":"Aronson A (1990) Clinical voice disorders: an interdisciplinary approach (Thieme, New York), Ed 3."},{"key":"2023041304063682000_33.37.14705.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000149764.34953.BF"},{"key":"2023041304063682000_33.37.14705.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.445"},{"key":"2023041304063682000_33.37.14705.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04590.x"},{"key":"2023041304063682000_33.37.14705.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(00)00039-3"},{"key":"2023041304063682000_33.37.14705.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.7.1195"},{"key":"2023041304063682000_33.37.14705.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.09.003"},{"key":"2023041304063682000_33.37.14705.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berman BD Hallett M Herscovitch P Simonyan K (2013) Striatal dysfunction at rest and during task performance in writer's cramp. 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