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The caudal-most extension of the GnRH neuron continuum brings some cells very close to the base of the brain at the level of the anterior hypothalamic area. Taking insight from this, we developed an experimental procedure in anesthetized GnRH-GFP mice that allows the electrical activity of these GnRH neurons to be recorded<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. On-cell recordings revealed that the majority of GnRH neurons (86%) were spontaneously active, exhibiting a range of firing patterns, although only a minority (15%) exhibited burst firing. Mean firing frequencies ranged from 0.06 to 3.65 Hz, with the most common interspike interval being \u223c500 ms. All GnRH neurons tested were activated by AMPA and kisspeptin. Whereas the GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptor agonist muscimol evoked excitatory, inhibitory, or mixed effects on GnRH neuron firing, the GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptor antagonist picrotoxin resulted in a consistent suppression of firing. These observations represent the first electrical recordings of GnRH neurons<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. They reveal that GnRH neurons<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>exhibit considerable heterogeneity in their firing patterns with both similarities and differences to firing<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. These variable patterns of firing<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>are found to be critically dependent upon ongoing GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptor signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0533-13.2013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,29]],"date-time":"2013-05-29T16:28:54Z","timestamp":1369844934000},"page":"9394-9401","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["<i>In Vivo<\/i>Recordings of GnRH Neuron Firing Reveal Heterogeneity and Dependence upon GABA<sub>A<\/sub>Receptor Signaling"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Constantin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl J.","family":"Iremonger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan 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