{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T10:09:36Z","timestamp":1778839776009,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"43","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]],"date-time":"2018-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":212,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular voltage recordings (<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>; field potentials) provide an accessible view of<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>neural activity, but proper interpretation of field potentials is a long-standing challenge. Computational modeling can aid in identifying neural generators of field potentials. In the auditory brainstem of cats, spatial patterns of sound-evoked<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>can resemble, strikingly,<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>generated by current dipoles. Previously, we developed a biophysically-based model of a binaural brainstem nucleus, the medial superior olive (MSO), that accounts qualitatively for observed dipole-like<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>patterns in sustained responses to monaural tones with frequencies &gt;\u223c1000 Hz (Goldwyn et al., 2014). We have observed, however, that<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>patterns in cats of both sexes appear more monopole-like for lower-frequency tones. Here, we enhance our theory to accurately reproduce dipole and non-dipole features of<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>responses to monaural tones with frequencies ranging from 600 to 1800 Hz. By applying our model to data, we estimate time courses of paired input currents to MSO neurons. We interpret these inputs as dendrite-targeting excitation and soma-targeting inhibition (the latter contributes non-dipole-like features to<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>responses). Aspects of inferred inputs are consistent with synaptic inputs to MSO neurons including the tendencies of inhibitory inputs to attenuate in response to high-frequency tones and to precede excitatory inputs. Importantly, our updated theory can be tested experimentally by blocking synaptic inputs. MSO neurons perform a critical role in sound localization and binaural hearing. By solving an inverse problem to uncover synaptic inputs from<jats:italic>V<jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>patterns we provide a new perspective on MSO physiology.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT<\/jats:bold>Extracellular voltages (field potentials) are a common measure of brain activity. Ideally, one could infer from these data the activity of neurons and synapses that generate field potentials, but this \u201cinverse problem\u201d is not easily solved. We study brainstem field potentials in the region of the medial superior olive (MSO); a critical center in the auditory pathway. These field potentials exhibit distinctive spatial and temporal patterns in response to pure tone sounds. We use mathematical modeling in combination with physiological and anatomical knowledge of MSO neurons to plausibly explain how dendrite-targeting excitation and soma-targeting inhibition generate these field potentials. Inferring putative synaptic currents from field potentials advances our ability to study neural processing of sound in the MSO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0600-17.2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,26]],"date-time":"2017-09-26T00:55:29Z","timestamp":1506387329000},"page":"10451-10467","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Signatures of Somatic Inhibition and Dendritic Excitation in Auditory Brainstem Field Potentials"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5733-9089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua H.","family":"Goldwyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myles","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8010-363X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Verschooten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9759-5375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip X.","family":"Joris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Rinzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartiromo R , De Vincenzi M (2016) Electrical measurements in the laboratory practice: undergraduate lecture notes in physics. Switzerland: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31102-9"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00117"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.06072"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1964.206.6.1408","article-title":"Click-evoked potential map from the superior olivary nucleus","volume":"206","author":"Biedenbach","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.5","first-page":"3","article-title":"Analogue signal representation in the medial superior olive of the cat","volume":"18","author":"Bojanowski","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/417543a"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1518-13.2013"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3241"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(85)91072-7"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902470406"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00644.2015"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(68)90122-2"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1760-10.2010"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00586.2011"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00131.2011"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0338-13.2013"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.226233"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3948"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1959.197.3.527","article-title":"Microelectrode study of superior olivary nuclei","volume":"197","author":"Galambos","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1969.32.4.613","article-title":"Response of binaural neurons of dog superior olivary complex to dichotic tonal stimuli: some physiological mechanisms of sound localization","volume":"32","author":"Goldberg","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.229328"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00780.2015"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0175-14.2014"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01312"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.71.2.706","article-title":"Interaction of excitation and inhibition in processing of pure tone and amplitude-modulated stimuli in the medial superior olive of the mustached bat","volume":"71","author":"Grothe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1136"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-03-01701.1994","article-title":"Synaptic inhibition influences the temporal coding properties of medial superior olivary neurons: an in vitro study","volume":"14","author":"Grothe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207457209147165"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207457209164756"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02768"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108154"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2016.00101"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061495"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000406"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.12.004"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.71.3.1022","article-title":"Enhancement of neural synchronization in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus: I. Responses to tones at the characteristic frequency","volume":"71","author":"Joris","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.71.3.1037","article-title":"Enhancement of neural synchronization in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus: II. Responses in the tuning curve tail","volume":"71","author":"Joris","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00914.2013"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn810"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5175-10.2011"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kido K (2015) Digital Fourier analysis: fundamentals. New York: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9260-3"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1977.40.3.647","article-title":"Computed potentials of cortically arranged populations of neurons","volume":"40","author":"Klee","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-008-0220-6"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00395.2010"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(86)90038-9"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.11.006"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2530"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0294-10.2010"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1985.65.1.37","article-title":"Current source-density method and application in cat cerebral cortex: investigation of evoked potentials and EEG phenomena","volume":"65","author":"Mitzdorf","year":"1985","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4790"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272022"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1971.34.4.509","article-title":"Field potentials in the alligator cerebellum and theory of their relationship to purkinje cell dendritic spikes","volume":"34","author":"Nicholson","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1660-08.2008"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.107.111179"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01146.2015"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rall W (1977) Core conductor theory and cable properties of neurons. In: Handbook of physiology: cellular biology of neurons, pp 39\u201397. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.cp010103"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1968.31.6.884","article-title":"Theoretical reconstruction of field potentials and dendrodendritic synaptic interactions in olfactory bulb","volume":"31","author":"Rall","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22166"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.05.023"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316216111"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.04.022"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.136366"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2385-09.2010"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-015-0539-3"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.398734"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903310208"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.6.3127","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) of the cat","volume":"79","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(84)90033-9"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(85)90973-3"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19980824)398:2<257::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900980303"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.21.8400"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-003-0438-2"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1964.27.5.814","article-title":"Wave activity in the superior olivary complex of the cat","volume":"27","author":"Tsuchitani","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.75","unstructured":"Tuckwell HC (1988) Introduction to theoretical neurobiology: volume 1 linear cable theory and dendritic structure. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP."},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.04.028"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2979-14.2015"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01900383"},{"key":"2023041803273451000_37.43.10451.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.64.2.465","article-title":"Interaural time sensitivity in medial superior olive of cat","volume":"64","author":"Yin","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0600-17.2017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T11:08:05Z","timestamp":1681816085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jneurosci.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0600-17.2017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"43","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0600-17.2017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.0600-17.2017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-6474","1529-2401"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-6474","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-2401","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]]}}}