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The results showed small sex differences in basal transmission but striking sex differences in opioid receptor sensitivity and LTP. When slices were made from females on proestrous morning, when serum levels of 17\u03b2-estradiol peak, the nonspecific opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1 \u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) enhanced MF transmission but there was no effect in males, suggesting preferential opioid receptor-dependent inhibition in females when 17\u03b2-estradiol levels are elevated. The \u03bc-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist Cys2,Tyr3,Orn5,Pen7-amide (CTOP; 300 n<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) had a similar effect but the \u03b4-opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist naltrindole (NTI; 1 \u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) did not, implicating MORs in female MF transmission. The GABA<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>receptor antagonist saclofen (200 \u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) occluded effects of CTOP but the GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptor antagonist bicuculline (10 \u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) did not. For LTP, a low-frequency (LF) protocol was used because higher frequencies elicited hyperexcitability in females. Proestrous females exhibited LF-LTP but males did not, suggesting a lower threshold for synaptic plasticity when 17\u03b2-estradiol is elevated. NTI blocked LF-LTP in proestrous females, but CTOP did not. Electron microscopy revealed more DOR-labeled spines of pyramidal cells in proestrous females than males. Therefore, we suggest that increased postsynaptic DORs mediate LF-LTP in proestrous females. 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