{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:22:48Z","timestamp":1792740168058,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,22]],"date-time":"2008-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1203638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":184,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ambient GABA modulates firing patterns in adult neural circuits by tonically activating extrasynaptic GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptors. Here, we demonstrate that during a developmental period when activation of GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptors causes membrane depolarization, tonic activation of GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptors blocks all spontaneous activity recorded in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and starburst amacrine cells (SACs). Bath application of the GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptor agonist muscimol blocked spontaneous correlated increases in intracellular calcium concentration and compound postsynaptic currents in RGCs associated with retinal waves. In addition, GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptor agonists activated a tonic current in RGCs that significantly reduced their excitability. Using a transgenic mouse in which green fluorescent protein is expressed under the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 promoter to target recordings from SACs, we found that GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptor agonists blocked compound postsynaptic currents and also activated a tonic current. GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptor antagonists reduced the holding current in SACs but not RGCs, indicating that ambient levels of GABA tonically activate GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptors in SACs. GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptor antagonists did not block retinal waves but did alter the frequency and correlation structure of spontaneous RGC firing. Interestingly, the drug aminophylline, a general adenosine receptor antagonist used to block retinal waves, induced a tonic GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptor antagonist-sensitive current in outside-out patches excised from RGCs, indicating that aminophylline exerts its action on retinal waves by direct activation of GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptors. These findings have implications for how various neuroactive drugs and neurohormones known to modulate extrasynaptic GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptors may influence spontaneous firing patterns that are critical for the establishment of adult neural circuits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1293-07.2007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,22]],"date-time":"2007-08-22T16:23:49Z","timestamp":1187799829000},"page":"9130-9140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["GABA<sub>A<\/sub>Receptor-Mediated Signaling Alters the Structure of Spontaneous Activity in the Developing Retina"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Chih-Tien","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron 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