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Here, we show that brief trains of 100 Hz stimulation induce posttetanic potentiation (PTP) of transmitter release at the calyx of Held. In young rats [postnatal day 4 (P4) to P6], PTP could be induced with shorter 100 Hz trains compared with older age groups (P8-P10 and P12-P14), but the maximal amount of PTP was similar, with \u223c200% of control EPSC amplitude. The size of the readily releasable pool of vesicles was not increased significantly during PTP. Bath application of the membrane-permeable Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>chelator EGTA-AM suppressed PTP, indicating a role for presynaptic Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>in PTP at the calyx of Held. Presynaptic Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>imaging showed that the intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>concentration, [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>, was increased by 40-120 n<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>at the peak of PTP, and this \u201cresidual\u201d [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>decayed in parallel with PTP, with time constants in the range of 10-60 s. During whole-cell recording of the presynaptic calyx of Held, PTP was absent, and the decay of residual [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>was strongly accelerated. The data show that the calyx of Held expresses a mechanism of transmitter release potentiation in which a small, sustained elevation of basal [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>increases the transmitter release probability after trains of high-frequency stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1295-05.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,25]],"date-time":"2005-05-25T21:23:52Z","timestamp":1117056232000},"page":"5127-5137","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Presynaptic Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>Requirements and Developmental Regulation of Posttetanic Potentiation at the Calyx of 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