{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T16:50:50Z","timestamp":1794329450600,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":214,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most firmly established factors determining the speed of human behavioral responses toward action-critical stimuli is the spatial correspondence between the stimulus and response locations. If both locations match, the time taken for response production is markedly reduced relative to when they mismatch, a phenomenon called the Simon effect. While there is a consensus that this stimulus-response (S-R) conflict is associated with brief (4\u20137 Hz) frontal midline theta (fm\u03b8) complexes generated in medial frontal cortex, it remains controversial (1) whether there are multiple, simultaneously active theta generator areas in the medial frontal cortex that commonly give rise to conflict-related fm\u03b8 complexes; and if so, (2) whether they are all related to the resolution of conflicting task information. Here, we combined mental chronometry with high-density electroencephalographic measures during a Simon-type manual reaching task and used independent component analysis and time-frequency domain statistics on source-level activities to model fm\u03b8 sources. During target processing, our results revealed two independent fm\u03b8 generators simultaneously active in or near anterior cingulate cortex, only one of them reflecting the correspondence between current and previous S-R locations. However, this fm\u03b8 response is not exclusively linked to conflict but also to other, conflict-independent processes associated with response slowing. These results paint a detailed picture regarding the oscillatory correlates of conflict processing in Simon tasks, and challenge the prevalent notion that fm\u03b8 complexes induced by conflicting task information represent a unitary phenomenon related to cognitive control, which governs conflict processing across various types of response-override tasks.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT<\/jats:bold>Humans constantly monitor their environment for and adjust their cognitive control settings in response to conflicts, an ability that arguably paves the way for survival in ever-changing situations. Anterior cingulate-generated frontal midline theta (fm\u03b8) complexes have been hypothesized to play a role in this conflict-monitoring function. However, it remains a point of contention whether fm\u03b8 complexes govern conflict processing in a unitary, paradigm-nonspecific manner. Here, we identified two independent fm\u03b8 oscillations triggered during a Simon-type task, only one of them reflecting current and previous conflicts. Importantly, this signal differed in various respects (cortical origin, intertrial history) from fm\u03b8 phenomena in other response-override tasks, challenging the prevalent notion of conflict-induced fm\u03b8 as a unitary phenomenon associated with the resolution of conflict.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1752-16.2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T02:30:25Z","timestamp":1485829825000},"page":"2504-2515","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Two Independent Frontal Midline Theta Oscillations during Conflict Detection and Adaptation in a Simon-Type Manual Reaching Task"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"T\u00f6llner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9048-8438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Makeig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann J.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8377-2166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzyy-Ping","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2673-1832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Gramann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041803235775000_37.9.2504.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1995.7.6.1129"},{"key":"2023041803235775000_37.9.2504.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.10.003"},{"key":"2023041803235775000_37.9.2504.3","unstructured":"Buzsaki G (2006) Rhythms of the brain. 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