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To identify key principles of cortical activity maturation, we systematically tracked spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity with extracellular recordings of primary visual cortex (V1) in nonanesthetized mice. During the first postnatal week (postnatal days P4\u2013P7), V1 was not visually responsive and exhibited long (&gt;10 s) periods of network silence. Activation consisted exclusively of \u201cslow-activity transients,\u201d 2\u201310 s periods of 6\u201310 Hz \u201cspindle-burst' oscillations; the response to spontaneous retinal waves. By tracking daily changes in this activity, two key components of spontaneous activity maturation were revealed: (1) spindle-burst frequency acceleration (eventually becoming the 20\u201350 Hz broadband activity caused by the asynchronous state) and (2) \u201cfilling-in\u201d of silent periods with low-frequency (2\u20134 Hz) activity (beginning on P10 and complete by P13). These two changes are sufficient to create the adult-like pattern of continuous activity, alternation between fast-asynchronous and slow-synchronous activity, by eye opening. Visual responses emerged on P8 as evoked spindle-bursts and neuronal firing with a signal-to-noise ratio higher than adult. Both were eliminated by eye opening, leaving only the mature, short-latency response. These results identify the developmental origins of mature cortical activity and implicate the period before eye opening as a critical checkpoint. By providing a systematic description of electrical activity development, we establish the murine visual cortex as a model for the electroencephalographic development of fetal humans.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT<\/jats:bold>Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term health and survival in preterm infants and molds circuit formation, but gaps remain in our understanding of the origin and normal progression of this activity in the developing cortex. We aimed to rectify this by monitoring daily changes in cortical activity in the nonanesthetized mouse, an important preclinical model of disease and development. At ages approximately equivalent to normal human term birth, mouse cortex exhibits primarily network silence, with spontaneous \u201cspindle bursts\u201d as the only form of activity. In contrast, mature cortex is noisy, alternating between asynchronous\/discontinuous and synchronous\/continuous states. This work identifies the key processes that produce this maturation and provides a normative reference for murine-based studies of cortical circuit development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1903-16.2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]],"date-time":"2016-11-30T19:09:02Z","timestamp":1480532942000},"page":"12259-12275","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Development of Activity in the Mouse Visual Cortex"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2744-005X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2480-1270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew T.","family":"Colonnese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041803222906000_36.48.12259.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.11.011"},{"key":"2023041803222906000_36.48.12259.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11529"},{"key":"2023041803222906000_36.48.12259.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3733-08.2008"},{"key":"2023041803222906000_36.48.12259.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4539-13.2014"},{"key":"2023041803222906000_36.48.12259.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2010.02.002"},{"key":"2023041803222906000_36.48.12259.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2010.08.005"},{"key":"2023041803222906000_36.48.12259.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu097"},{"key":"2023041803222906000_36.48.12259.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2006.11.006"},{"key":"2023041803222906000_36.48.12259.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berzhanskaya J Phillips MA Gorin A Lai C Shen J Colonnese MT (2016) Disrupted cortical state regulation in a rat model of fragile X syndrome. 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