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Systemic nor-BNI decreased the escalation of intake of long-access (LgA) but not short-access (ShA) self-administration. nor-BNI also decreased elevated progressive-ratio (PR) breakpoints in rats in the LgA condition and continued to decrease intake after 17 d of abstinence, demonstrating that the effects of a nor-BNI injection are long lasting. Rats with an ShA history showed an increase in prodynorphin immunoreactivity in both the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell, but LgA animals showed a selective increase in the NAc shell. Other cohorts of rats received nor-BNI directly into the NAc shell or core and entered into ShA or LgA. nor-BNI infusion in the NAc shell, but not NAc core, attenuated escalation of intake and PR responding for METH in LgA rats. These data indicate that the development and\/or expression of compulsive-like responding for METH under LgA conditions depends on activation of the KOR system in the NAc shell and suggest that the dynorphin\u2013KOR system is a central component of the neuroplasticity associated with negative reinforcement systems that drive the dark side of addiction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1978-13.2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]],"date-time":"2015-03-11T16:33:23Z","timestamp":1426091603000},"page":"4296-4305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["\u03ba Opioid Receptors in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell Mediate Escalation of Methamphetamine Intake"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"35","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Timothy W.","family":"Whitfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel 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