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Five days after transection, the male sciatic nerves were transplanted into female recipient mice by placing them exactly parallel to the host sciatic nerves. Nerves of the female recipient mice were also transected to induce breakdown of the blood\u2013nerve barrier in the host animal. Apoptosis was assessed by morphological, immunohistochemical (activated caspase-3), and molecular (DNA fragmentation) methods in transplanted, recipient, and in control nerves. A subpopulation of macrophages within the degenerating nerves died locally by apoptosis in each experiment. The fate of the male macrophages within the transplanted nerves and the host organism was investigated by<jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>hybridization with a Y-chromosome-specific DNA probe (145SC5).<jats:italic>In situ<\/jats:italic>hybridization specifically stained cells within the transplanted male nerve. Y-chromosome-positive cells were detected not only inside the transplanted nerve, but also inside the female host nerve, the perineurial tissue, the local perineurial blood vessels, draining lymph nodes and the spleen of the female host, suggesting hematogenous as well as lymphatic elimination of macrophages from the injured nerve. These data indicate that local apoptosis and systemic elimination via circulation to the local lymph nodes and the spleen are involved in the disappearance of macrophages from the injured peripheral nervous system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.21-10-03401.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,5]],"date-time":"2018-04-05T02:10:29Z","timestamp":1522894229000},"page":"3401-3408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Macrophages Are Eliminated from the Injured Peripheral Nerve via Local Apoptosis and Circulation to Regional Lymph Nodes and the Spleen"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Tanja","family":"Kuhlmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Stadelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Siebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Br\u00fcck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60509-X"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.675"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.57.3.361","article-title":"Review of the macrophage disappearance reaction.","volume":"57","author":"Barth","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01148493"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227734","article-title":"In situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled probes: sensitive and reliable detection method applied to myelinating rat brain.","volume":"84","author":"Breitschopf","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01373.x"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1997.tb01060.x"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00307696"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(91)90162-Z"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00309630"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19961115)46:4<477::AID-JNR9>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.1996.2298022.x"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/11.5.847"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.4.1755","article-title":"Spontaneous human monocyte apoptosis utilizes a caspase-3-dependent pathway that is blocked by endotoxin and is independent of caspase-1.","volume":"163","author":"Fahy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01179817"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-10-06445.1995"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/41.7.8515045"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-9139(95)90071-3"},{"key":"2023041302482942000_21.10.3401.19","unstructured":"Griffin JW Hoffman PN (1993) Degeneration and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. in Peripheral neuropathy, eds van Dyck PJ Thomas PK Griffin JW Low PA Poduslo JF (W.B. 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