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Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Loss of auditory-nerve (AN) afferent cochlear innervation is a prevalent human condition that does not affect audiometric thresholds and therefore remains largely undetectable with standard clinical tests. AN loss is widely expected to cause hearing difficulties in noise, known as \u201chidden hearing loss,\u201d but support for this hypothesis is controversial. Here, we used operant conditioning procedures to examine the perceptual impact of AN loss on behavioral tone-in-noise (TIN) sensitivity in the budgerigar (<jats:italic>Melopsittacus undulatus<\/jats:italic>; of either sex), an avian animal model with complex hearing abilities similar to humans. Bilateral kainic acid (KA) infusions depressed compound AN responses by 40\u201370% without impacting otoacoustic emissions or behavioral tone sensitivity in quiet. Surprisingly, animals with AN damage showed normal thresholds for tone detection in noise (0.1 \u00b1 1.0 dB compared to control animals; mean difference \u00b1 SE), even under a challenging roving-level condition with random stimulus variation across trials. Furthermore, decision-variable correlations (DVCs) showed no difference for AN-damaged animals in their use of energy and envelope cues to perform the task. These results show that AN damage has less impact on TIN detection than generally expected, even under a difficult roving-level condition known to impact TIN detection in individuals with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Perceptual deficits could emerge for different perceptual tasks or with greater AN loss but are potentially minor compared with those caused by SNHL.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT<\/jats:bold>Loss of auditory-nerve (AN) cochlear innervation is a common problem in humans that does not affect audiometric thresholds on a clinical hearing test. AN loss is widely expected to cause hearing problems in noise, known as \u201chidden hearing loss,\u201d but existing studies are controversial. Here, using an avian animal model with complex hearing abilities similar to humans, we examined for the first time the impact of an experimentally induced AN lesion on behavioral tone sensitivity in noise. Surprisingly, AN-lesioned animals showed no difference in hearing performance in noise or detection strategy compared with controls. These results show that perceptual deficits from AN damage are smaller than generally expected, and potentially minor compared with those caused by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2104-20.2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T22:50:14Z","timestamp":1605135014000},"page":"118-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Normal Tone-In-Noise Sensitivity in Trained Budgerigars despite Substantial Auditory-Nerve Injury: No Evidence of Hidden Hearing Loss"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Henry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina S.","family":"Abrams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i0"},{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2014.12.010"},{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.01.011"},{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00026"},{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(81)90040-X"},{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1494807"},{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-018-0669-5"},{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1590-9_43"},{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.12.041"},{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2177583"},{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3206583"},{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428651"},{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076226"},{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00611177"},{"key":"2023041803444441000_41.1.118.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dooling RJ , Lohr B , Dent ML (2000) Hearing in birds and reptiles. 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