{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:30:24Z","timestamp":1791275424916,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,15]],"date-time":"2002-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1032048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":184,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies of Ca channels expressed in oocytes have identified kurtoxin as a promising tool for functional and structural studies of low-threshold T-type Ca channels. This peptide, isolated from the venomous scorpion<jats:italic>Parabuthus transvaalicus<\/jats:italic>, inhibits low-threshold \u03b11G and \u03b11H Ca channels expressed in oocytes with relatively high potency and high selectivity. Here we report its effects on Ca channel currents, carried by 5 m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>Ba<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>ions, in rat central and peripheral neurons. In thalamic neurons 500 n<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>kurtoxin inhibited T-type Ca channel currents almost completely (90.2 \u00b1 2.5% at \u221285 mV;<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 6). Its selectivity, however, was less than expected because it also reduced the composite high-threshold Ca channel current recorded in these cells (46.1 \u00b1 6.9% at \u221230 mV;<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 6). In sympathetic and thalamic neurons, 250\u2013500 n<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>kurtoxin partially inhibited N-type and L-type Ca channel currents, respectively. It similarly reduced the high-threshold Ca channel current that remains after a blockade of P-type, N-type, and L-type Ca channels in thalamic neurons. In contrast, kurtoxin facilitated steady-state P-type Ba currents in Purkinje neurons (by 34.9 \u00b1 3.7%;<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 10). In all cases the kurtoxin effect was voltage-dependent and entailed a modification of channel gating. Exposure to kurtoxin slowed current activation kinetics, although its effects on deactivation varied with the channel types. Kurtoxin thus appears as a unique gating-modifier that interacts with different Ca channel types with high affinity. This unusual property and the complex gating modifications it induces may facilitate future studies of gating in voltage-dependent ion channels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.22-06-02023.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,13]],"date-time":"2018-04-13T22:30:10Z","timestamp":1523658610000},"page":"2023-2034","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Kurtoxin, A Gating Modifier of Neuronal High- and Low-Threshold Ca Channels"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Serguei S.","family":"Sidach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle M.","family":"Mintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00580957"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(88)90176-6"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01422.x"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-08-05011.1994"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/8070"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp010810"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/310501a0"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.20.040180.000311"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/3669"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017668","article-title":"A T-type Ca2+ current underlies low-threshold Ca2+ potentials in cells of the cat and rat lateral geniculate nucleus.","volume":"413","author":"Crunelli","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-10-03574.1998"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.72.2.762","article-title":"Multiple components of calcium current in acutely dissociated dentate gyrus granule neurons.","volume":"72","author":"Eliot","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/372272a0"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/340642a0"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.75.2.695","article-title":"Role of the afterhyperpolarization in control of discharge properties of septal cholinergic neurons in vitro.","volume":"75","author":"Gorelova","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00656997"},{"key":"2023041302510280000_22.6.2023.17","unstructured":"Herrington J Bookman RJ (1994) PULSE CONTROL v4.0: IGOR XOPS for patch-clamp data acquisition and capacitance measurements. 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