{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:59:09Z","timestamp":1791046749996,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"49","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,6]],"date-time":"2007-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1181088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Normal perception depends, in part, on accurate judgments of the temporal relationships between sensory events. Two such relative-timing skills are the ability to detect stimulus asynchrony and to discriminate stimulus order. Here we investigated the neural processes contributing to the performance of auditory asynchrony and order tasks in humans, using a perceptual-learning paradigm. In each of two parallel experiments, we tested listeners on a pretest and a posttest consisting of auditory relative-timing conditions. Between these two tests, we trained a subset of listeners \u223c1 h\/d for 6\u20138 d on a single relative-timing condition. The trained listeners practiced asynchrony detection in one experiment and order discrimination in the other. Both groups were trained at sound onset with tones at 0.25 and 4.0 kHz. The remaining listeners in each experiment, who served as controls, did not receive multihour training during the 8\u201310 d between the pretest and posttest. These controls improved even without intervening training, adding to evidence that a single session of exposure to perceptual tasks can yield learning. Most importantly, each of the two groups of trained listeners learned more on their respective trained conditions than controls, but this learning occurred only on the two trained conditions. Neither group of trained listeners generalized their learning to the other task (order or asynchrony), an untrained temporal position (sound offset), or untrained frequency pairs. Thus, it appears that multihour training on relative-timing skills affects task-specific neural circuits that are tuned to a given temporal position and combination of stimulus components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2254-06.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,6]],"date-time":"2006-12-06T19:08:49Z","timestamp":1165432129000},"page":"12708-12716","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Perceptual-Learning Evidence for Separate Processing of Asynchrony and Order Tasks"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Julia A.","family":"Mossbridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin S.","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beverly A.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912963"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1913139"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.221461598"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.46502"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207873","article-title":"Auditory pattern perception: the effect of tonal frequency range on the perception of temporal order","volume":"48","author":"Barsz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.414688"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.411277"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907662"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.3.1542","article-title":"Processing of sound sequences in macaque auditory cortex: response enhancement","volume":"82","author":"Brosch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1973.36.6.1138","article-title":"Responses of neurons in auditory cortex of the macaque monkey to monaural and binaural stimulation","volume":"36","author":"Brugge","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.21.1.149"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.08.008"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(97)01097-8"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1903245"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00801.2002"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.25.14019"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/287043a0"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2074687"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070521"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1268"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.63304"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1315"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.23","unstructured":"Hays WL (1994) Statistics (Harcourt Brace, Orlando, FL), Ed 5."},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00083.2002"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-07-02615.1997","article-title":"Temporal integration and duration tuning in the dorsal zone of cat auditory cortex","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907782"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045283"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.1.507","article-title":"A model of spike-timing dependent plasticity: one or two coincidence detectors?","volume":"88","author":"Karmarkar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.55503"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(96)00039-0"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(97)80033-5"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365250a0"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.861"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.393200"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.396058"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.261705198"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0899766054796888"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8533","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08533.2000","article-title":"Spectral integration in the inferior colliculus of the mustached bat","volume":"20","author":"Leroy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912375","article-title":"Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics","volume":"49","author":"Levitt","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.12.5582"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/00437956.1964.11659830","article-title":"A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: acoustical measurements","volume":"20","author":"Lisker","year":"1964","journal-title":"Word"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.03-05-01039.1983","article-title":"Acoustic parameters underlying the responses of song-specific neurons in the white-crowned sparrow","volume":"3","author":"Margoliash","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09514"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(01)00157-3"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4102.300","article-title":"Temporal-order discrimination for selected auditory and visual stimulus dimensions","volume":"41","author":"McFarland","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5245.77"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381097"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00356854"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198574","article-title":"Discrimination of the order of the components of repeating tone sequences: effects of frequency separation and extensive practice","volume":"16","author":"Nickerson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199607290-00011","article-title":"Facilitative responses to species-specific calls in cortical FM-FM neurons of the mustached bat","volume":"7","author":"Ohlemiller","year":"1996","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395914"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03205865","article-title":"Temporal order judgment of auditory stimulus offset","volume":"33","author":"Pastore","year":"1983","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03213087","article-title":"Measuring the difference limen for identification of order of onset for complex auditory stimuli","volume":"58","author":"Pastore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.387446"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206294","article-title":"Temporal order identification for tone\/noise stimuli with onset transitions","volume":"44","author":"Pastore","year":"1988","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.70.2.733","article-title":"Projection from the sensory to the motor cortex is important in learning motor skills in the monkey","volume":"70","author":"Pavlides","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.853"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1981.45.1.16","article-title":"Characteristics of neurons in auditory cortex of monkeys performing a simple auditory task","volume":"45","author":"Pfingst","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(02)00393-3"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204393","article-title":"Adaptation of the relative onset time of two-component tones","volume":"28","author":"Pisoni","year":"1980","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1589770"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.3.1326","article-title":"Delay-tuned neurons in the inferior colliculus of the mustached bat: implications for analyses of target distance","volume":"82","author":"Portfors","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976601750541787"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912974"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.869"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(00)00194-5"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(06)00217-X"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206720"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/78829"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.70","first-page":"629","article-title":"The perception of temporal order: fundamental issues and a general model","volume-title":"Attention and performance","volume":"IV","author":"Sternberg","year":"1973"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.760193"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.388024"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(72)90053-X"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000134848.63755.5c"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.71.5.1959","article-title":"Processing of frequency-modulated sounds in the cat's anterior auditory field","volume":"71","author":"Tian","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194732","article-title":"Effect of harmonic relatedness on the detection of temporal asynchronies","volume":"64","author":"Tillmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(74)90012-7"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1366"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.380592"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.211220498"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-10-03956.1997","article-title":"Learning and generalization of auditory temporal-interval discrimination in humans","volume":"17","author":"Wright","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.405552"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.406816"},{"key":"2023041303221857000_26.49.12708.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8122114"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2254-06.2006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T17:43:36Z","timestamp":1681407816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jneurosci.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2254-06.2006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,6]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"49","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2254-06.2006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.2254-06.2006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-6474","1529-2401"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-6474","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-2401","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,6]]}}}