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As suggested by previous studies, we found males with normal color vision that varied in the ratio of L to M cones (from 1.1:1 to 16.5:1). We also found a protan carrier with an even more extreme L:M ratio (0.37:1). All subjects had nearly identical S-cone densities, indicating independence of the developmental mechanism that governs the relative numerosity of L\/M and S cones. L:M cone ratio estimates were correlated highly with those obtained in the same eyes using the flicker photometric electroretinogram (ERG), although the comparison indicates that the signal from each M cone makes a larger contribution to the ERG than each L cone. Although all subjects had highly disordered arrangements of L and M cones, three subjects showed evidence for departures from a strictly random rule for assigning the L and M cone photopigments. In two retinas, these departures corresponded to local clumping of cones of like type. In a third retina, the L:M cone ratio differed significantly at two retinal locations on opposite sides of the fovea. These results suggest that the assignment of L and M pigment, although highly irregular, is not a completely random process. Surprisingly, in the protan carrier, in which X-chromosome inactivation would favor L- or M-cone clumping, there was no evidence of clumping, perhaps as a result of cone migration during foveal development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2414-05.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]],"date-time":"2005-10-20T09:36:50Z","timestamp":1129801010000},"page":"9669-9679","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":364,"title":["Organization of the Human Trichromatic Cone Mosaic"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Heidi","family":"Hofer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Neitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Neitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041303151642000_25.42.9669.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.8.000404"},{"key":"2023041303151642000_25.42.9669.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902550103"},{"key":"2023041303151642000_25.42.9669.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/2.8.2"},{"key":"2023041303151642000_25.42.9669.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00302-7"},{"key":"2023041303151642000_25.42.9669.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00291502"},{"key":"2023041303151642000_25.42.9669.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowmaker JK, Parry JWL, Mollon JD (2003) The arrangement of L and M cones in human and a primate retina. 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