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In contrast, rTMS applied over the left PPC triggers a weaker or null attentional shift. However, large interindividual differences in responses to rTMS have been reported. Studies measuring changes in brain activation suggest that the effects of rTMS may depend on both interhemispheric and intrahemispheric interactions between cortical loci controlling visual attention. Here, we investigated whether variability in the structural organization of human white matter pathways subserving visual attention, as assessed by diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and tractography, could explain interindividual differences in the effects of rTMS. Most participants showed a rightward shift in the allocation of spatial attention after rTMS over the right intraparietal sulcus (IPS), but the size of this effect varied largely across participants. Conversely, rTMS over the left IPS resulted in strikingly opposed individual responses, with some participants responding with rightward and some with leftward attentional shifts. We demonstrate that microstructural and macrostructural variability within the corpus callosum, consistent with differential effects on cross-hemispheric interactions, predicts both the extent and the direction of the response to rTMS. Together, our findings suggest that the corpus callosum may have a dual inhibitory and excitatory function in maintaining the interhemispheric dynamics that underlie the allocation of spatial attention.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT<\/jats:bold>The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) controls allocation of attention across left versus right visual fields. Damage to this area results in neglect, characterized by a lack of spatial awareness of the side of space contralateral to the brain injury. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the PPC is used to study cognitive mechanisms of spatial attention and to examine the potential of this technique to treat neglect. However, large individual differences in behavioral responses to stimulation have been reported. We demonstrate that the variability in the structural organization of the corpus callosum accounts for these differences. Our findings suggest novel dual mechanism of the corpus callosum function in spatial attention and have broader implications for the use of stimulation in neglect rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2610-15.2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,19]],"date-time":"2015-11-19T21:12:25Z","timestamp":1447967545000},"page":"15353-15368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Structural Organization of the Corpus Callosum Predicts Attentional Shifts after Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1811-3946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Chechlacz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glyn W.","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stamatios N.","family":"Sotiropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Kennard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Cazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041304201091000_35.46.15353.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2003000400002"},{"key":"2023041304201091000_35.46.15353.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90178-C"},{"key":"2023041304201091000_35.46.15353.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90179-D"},{"key":"2023041304201091000_35.46.15353.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-04-00933.1991","article-title":"Sex differences in the corpus callosum of the living human being","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041304201091000_35.46.15353.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersson JLR Sotiropoulos SN (2015a) An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging. 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