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The puzzle arises because research into the factors that limit visual function in infants has found surprisingly mature neural organization and adult-like receptive field properties in very young infants. The high degree of visual plasticity that has been documented during the sensitive period in young children and animals leaves the brain vulnerable to abnormal visual experience. Abnormal visual experience during the sensitive period can lead to amblyopia, a developmental disorder of vision affecting \u223c3% of children. This review provides a historical perspective on research into visual development and the disorder amblyopia. The mismatch between the status of the primary visual cortex and visual behavior, both during visual development and in amblyopia, is discussed, and several potential resolutions are considered. It seems likely that extrastriate visual areas further along the visual pathways may set important limits on visual function and show greater vulnerability to abnormal visual experience. Analyses based on multiunit, population activity may provide useful representations of the information being fed forward from primary visual cortex to extrastriate processing areas and to the motor output.<\/jats:p><jats:p content-type=\"presidential-lecture\"><jats:bold>This article is based on a Presidential Lecture presented at the 2016 Annual Meeting.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2937-16.2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T15:32:56Z","timestamp":1478878376000},"page":"11384-11393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["The Puzzle of Visual Development: Behavior and Neural Limits"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Lynne","family":"Kiorpes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041803220600000_36.45.11384.1","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmology (2013) American Academy of Ophthalmology: http:\/\/www.aao.org\/pediatric-center-detail\/pediatric-cataracts-overview. 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