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We hypothesized that SIRT1 plays an important role in improving locomotor function after SCI by regulating neuroinflammation. In this study, we investigate the effect of SIRT1 in SCI using pharmacological intervention (SRT1720) and the Mx1-Cre\/loxP recombination system to knock out target genes. First, we found that SIRT1 expression at the injured lesion site of wild-type (WT) mice (C57BL\/6) decreased 4 h after SCI and lasted for 3 d. Moreover, administration of SRT1720, an agonist of SIRT1, to WT mice significantly improved functional recovery for up to 28 d after injury by reducing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, the number of M1 macrophages, the number of macrophages\/microglia, and the accumulation of perivascular macrophages. In contrast, administration of SRT1720 to SIRT1 knock-out (KO) mice did not improve locomotor recovery or attenuate inflammation. Furthermore, SIRT1 KO mice exhibited worse locomotor recovery, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, and more M1 macrophages and perivascular macrophages than those of WT mice after SCI. Together, these findings indicate that SRT1720, an SIRT1 agonist, can improve functional recovery by attenuating inflammation after SCI. Therefore, SIRT1 is not only a protective factor but also an anti-inflammatory molecule that exerts beneficial effects on locomotor function after SCI.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT<\/jats:bold>Posttraumatic inflammation plays a central role in regulating the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, new data show that administration of SRT1720, an SIRT1 agonist, to wild-type (WT) mice significantly improved outcomes after SCI, most likely by reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines, the number of macrophages\/microglia, perivascular macrophages, and M1 macrophages. In contrast, SIRT1 KO mice exhibited worse locomotor recovery than that of WT mice due to aggravated inflammation. Taken together, the results of this study expand upon the previous understanding of the functions and mechanisms of SIRT1 in neuroinflammation following injury to the CNS, suggesting that SIRT1 plays a critical role in regulating neuroinflammation following CNS injury and may be a novel therapeutic target for post-SCI intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3046-16.2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,14]],"date-time":"2017-02-14T01:40:28Z","timestamp":1487036428000},"page":"2916-2930","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["An Agonist of the Protective Factor SIRT1 Improves Functional Recovery and Promotes Neuronal Survival by Attenuating Inflammation after Spinal Cord 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