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Here we provide the first physiological evidence that human adolescents born preterm at or before 37 weeks of completed gestation have a significantly reduced capacity for cortical neuroplasticity, the key overall mechanism underlying learning and memory. We examined motor cortex neuroplasticity in three groups of adolescents who were born after gestations of \u226432 completed weeks (early preterm), 33\u201337 weeks (late preterm), and 38\u201341 weeks (term) using a noninvasive transcranial magnetic brain stimulation technique to induce long-term depression (LTD)-like neuroplasticity. Compared with term-born adolescents, both early and late preterm adolescents had reduced LTD-like neuroplasticity in response to brain stimulation that was also associated with low salivary cortisol levels. We also compared neuroplasticity in term-born adolescents with that in term-born young adults, finding that the motor cortex retains a relatively enhanced neuroplastic capacity in adolescence. These findings provide a possible mechanistic link between the altered brain physiology of preterm birth and the subsequent associated behavioral deficits, particularly in learning and memory. They also suggest that altered hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis function due to preterm birth may be a significant modulator of this altered neuroplasticity. This latter finding may offer options in the development of possible therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3079-12.2012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,14]],"date-time":"2012-11-14T17:47:52Z","timestamp":1352915272000},"page":"16410-16416","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Physiological Evidence Consistent with Reduced Neuroplasticity in Human Adolescents Born Preterm"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Julia B.","family":"Pitcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alysha M.","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian H.","family":"Doeltgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kurylowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Rothwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashleigh E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Clow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Kennaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Ridding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10049"},{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.12.013"},{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.01.027"},{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn268"},{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.450020409"},{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(70)80038-5"},{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-07-02910.1993","article-title":"Bidirectional long-term modification of synaptic effectiveness in the adult and immature hippocampus","volume":"13","author":"Dudek","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2006.01.005"},{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eyre JA (2003) in Plasticity in the human brain: investigations with transcranial magnetic brain stimulation, Developmental plasticity of the corticospinal system, eds Boniface S Ziemann U (Cambridge UP, Cambridge), pp 62\u201389.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511544903.004"},{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.9.1543","article-title":"Evidence of activity-dependent withdrawal of corticospinal projections during human development","volume":"57","author":"Eyre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135516"},{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2008.190"},{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.13","unstructured":"Gardosi J Francis A (2006) Gestation Network, Customised centile calculator\u2014GROW-centile v5.1. www.gestation.net ."},{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.10.053"},{"key":"2023041304000076000_32.46.16410.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henckens MJ Pu Z Hermans EJ van Wingen GA Jo\u00ebls M Fern\u00e1ndez G (2011) Dynamically changing effects of corticosteroids on human hippocampal and prefrontal processing. 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