{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:34:53Z","timestamp":1790638493108,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":223,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A crucial issue in understanding cerebellar function is the interaction between simple spike (SS) and complex spike (CS) discharge, the two fundamentally different activity modalities of Purkinje cells. Although several hypotheses have provided insights into the interaction, none fully explains or is completely consistent with the spectrum of experimental observations. Here, we show that during a pseudo-random manual tracking task in the monkey (Macaca mulatta), climbing fiber discharge dynamically controls the information present in the SS firing, triggering robust and rapid changes in the SS encoding of motor signals in 67% of Purkinje cells. The changes in encoding, tightly coupled to CS occurrences, consist of either increases or decreases in the SS sensitivity to kinematics or position errors and are not due to differences in SS firing rates or variability. Nor are the changes in sensitivity due to CS rhythmicity. In addition, the CS-coupled changes in encoding are not evoked by changes in kinematics or position errors. Instead, CS discharge most often leads alterations in behavior. Increases in SS encoding of a kinematic parameter are associated with larger changes in that parameter than are decreases in SS encoding. Increases in SS encoding of position error are followed by and scale with decreases in error. The results suggest a novel function of CSs, in which climbing fiber input dynamically controls the state of Purkinje cell SS encoding in advance of changes in behavior.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT<\/jats:bold>Purkinje cells, the sole output of the cerebellar cortex, manifest two fundamentally different activity modalities, complex spike (CS) discharge and simple spike (SS) firing. Elucidating cerebellar function will require an understanding of the interactions, both short- and long-term, between CS and SS firing. This study shows that CSs dynamically control the information encoded in a Purkinje cell's SS activity by rapidly increasing or decreasing the SS sensitivity to kinematics and\/or performance errors independent of firing rate. In many cases, the CS-coupled shift in SS encoding leads a change in behavior. These novel findings on the interaction between CS and SS firing provide for a new hypothesis in which climbing fiber input adjusts the encoding of SS information in advance of a change in behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3163-16.2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,12]],"date-time":"2017-01-12T02:41:55Z","timestamp":1484188915000},"page":"1997-2009","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Climbing Fibers Control Purkinje Cell Representations of Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Martha L.","family":"Streng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurentiu S.","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Ebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(71)90051-4"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.03.018"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2012.00091"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/053785"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6373","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-15-06373.2003","article-title":"Calcium dependence of retrograde inhibition by endocannabinoids at synapses onto Purkinje cells","volume":"23","author":"Brenowitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-04-02777.1995","article-title":"IPSPs strongly inhibit climbing fiber-activated [Ca2+] increases in the dendrites of cerebellar Purkinje neurons","volume":"15","author":"Callaway","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4530-03.2004"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.10.031"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90491-6"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0559-08.2008"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1983.50.1.205","article-title":"Increase in Purkinje cell gain associated with naturally activated climbing fiber input","volume":"50","author":"Ebner","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eccles JC , Ito M , Szentagothai J (1967) The cerebellum as a neuronal machine. Berlin: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-13147-3"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2012.09.006"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.72.26"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2014.00086"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90997-0"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1988.60.6.2091","article-title":"Spatial organization of visual messages of the rabbit's cerebellar flocculus: II. Complex and simple spike responses of Purkinje cells","volume":"60","author":"Graf","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2579-14.2015"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00886.2010"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.234898"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4011-03.2004"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.22","unstructured":"Ito M (1984) The cerebellum and neural control. New York: Raven."},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1143","article-title":"Cerebellar long-term depression: characterization, signal transduction, and functional roles","volume":"81","author":"Ito","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2366"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.4.1329","article-title":"Nonclock behavior of inferior olive neurons: interspike interval of Purkinje cell complex spike discharge in the awake behaving monkey is random","volume":"73","author":"Keating","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2525-10.2011"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/33141"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(83)90027-6"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-07-02728.1999","article-title":"Patterns of spontaneous purkinje cell complex spike activity in the awake rat","volume":"19","author":"Lang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013358"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00096"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.128123"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1393"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008820"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.03.023"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00627.2006"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2197"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1982.sp014409"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.03663"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.02.001"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3576"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4167"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00587.2002"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2012.00124"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2151-12.2012"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-015-0685-5"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4517","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-12-04517.1997","article-title":"Resurgent sodium current and action potential formation in dissociated cerebellar Purkinje neurons","volume":"17","author":"Raman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008605107"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1527-13.2013"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn0406-459"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.044"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.52","first-page":"385","article-title":"On climbing fiber signals and their consequence(s)","volume":"19","author":"Simpson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90526.2008"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.10.022"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.10.057"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(82)90277-9"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/374453a0"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.08.006"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13282"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.06.002.2009"},{"key":"2023041803235029000_37.8.1997.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00862.2003"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3163-16.2017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T10:55:35Z","timestamp":1681815335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jneurosci.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3163-16.2017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3163-16.2017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.3163-16.2017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-6474","1529-2401"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-6474","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-2401","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]}}}