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Although tracing studies have suggested changes in amygdala\u2013cortical connectivity through the adolescent period in rodents, less is known about the reciprocal connections within this circuitry across human development, when these circuits are being fine-tuned and substantial changes in emotional control are observed. The present study examined developmental changes in amygdala\u2013prefrontal circuitry across the ages of 4\u201322 years using task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results suggest positive amygdala\u2013prefrontal connectivity in early childhood that switches to negative functional connectivity during the transition to adolescence. Amygdala\u2013medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity was significantly positive (greater than zero) among participants younger than 10 years, whereas functional connectivity was significantly negative (less than zero) among participants 10 years and older, over and above the effect of amygdala reactivity. The developmental switch in functional connectivity was paralleled by a steady decline in amygdala reactivity. Moreover, the valence switch might explain age-related improvement in task performance and a developmentally normative decline in anxiety. Initial positive connectivity followed by a valence shift to negative connectivity provides a neurobiological basis for regulatory development and may present novel insight into a more general process of developing regulatory connections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3446-12.2013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]],"date-time":"2013-03-06T17:55:06Z","timestamp":1362592506000},"page":"4584-4593","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":657,"title":["A Developmental Shift from Positive to Negative Connectivity in Human Amygdala\u2013Prefrontal Circuitry"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Dylan G.","family":"Gee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn 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