{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:23:20Z","timestamp":1769426600440,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]],"date-time":"2017-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":213,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>At chemical synapses, voltage-activated calcium channels (VACCs) mediate Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>influx to trigger action potential-evoked neurotransmitter release. However, the mechanisms by which Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>regulates spontaneous transmission have not been fully determined. We have shown that VACCs are a major trigger of spontaneous release at neocortical inhibitory synapses but not at excitatory synapses, suggesting fundamental differences in spontaneous neurotransmission at GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses. Recently, VACC blockers were reported to reduce spontaneous release of glutamate and it was proposed that there was conservation of underlying mechanisms of neurotransmission at excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that the different effects on excitatory and inhibitory synapses may have resulted from off-target actions of Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, a nonselective VACC blocker, or other variations in experimental conditions. Here we report that in mouse neocortical neurons, selective and nonselective VACC blockers inhibit spontaneous release at inhibitory but not at excitatory terminals, and that this pattern is observed in culture and slice preparations as well as in synapses from acute slices of the auditory brainstem. The voltage dependence of Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>block of VACCs accounts for the apparent lower potency of Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>on spontaneous release of GABA than on VACC current amplitudes. Our findings indicate fundamental differences in the regulation of spontaneous release at inhibitory and excitatory synapses by stochastic VACC activity that extend beyond the cortex to the brainstem.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT<\/jats:bold>Presynaptic Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>entry via voltage-activated calcium channels (VACCs) is the major trigger of action potential-evoked synaptic release. However, the role of VACCs in the regulation of spontaneous neurotransmitter release (in the absence of a synchronizing action potential) remains controversial. We show that spontaneous release is affected differently by VACCs at excitatory and inhibitory synapses. At inhibitory synapses, stochastic openings of VACCs trigger the majority of spontaneous release, whereas they do not affect spontaneous release at excitatory synapses. We find this pattern to be wide ranging, holding for large and small synapses in the neocortex and brainstem. These findings indicate fundamental differences of the Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>dependence of spontaneous release at excitatory and inhibitory synapses and heterogeneity of the mechanisms of release across the CNS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3488-16.2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,21]],"date-time":"2017-03-21T00:45:29Z","timestamp":1490057129000},"page":"4301-4310","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Distinct Actions of Voltage-Activated Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>Channel Block on Spontaneous Release at Excitatory and Inhibitory Central Synapses"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0333-401X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timur","family":"Tsintsadze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0465-1479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis J.","family":"Weingarten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4404-3307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique","family":"von Gersdorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0331-7615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6336","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06336.2002","article-title":"Multimodal quantal release at individual hippocampal synapses: evidence for no lateral inhibition","volume":"22","author":"Abenavoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1978.sp012217"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.85.1.287","article-title":"Intraterminal Ca2+ and spontaneous transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction","volume":"85","author":"Angleson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10130"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00798.2004"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/383431a0"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2461"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409896102"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn970"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008563"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2304-14.2014"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.98.4.751"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00485.x"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13288"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12262"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.118.2.207"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0457-15.2015"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3125"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3563"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020303"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90556-8"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6104-11.2012"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1866-11.2011"},{"key":"2023041803244488000_37.16.4301.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)74076-9","article-title":"Measurement of intracellular cadmium with fluorescent dyes. 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