{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T01:26:30Z","timestamp":1792373190945,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]],"date-time":"2016-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Everyday locomotion and obstacle avoidance requires effective gait adaptation in response to sensory cues. Many studies have shown that efficient motor actions are associated with \u03bc rhythm (8\u201313 Hz) and \u03b2 band (13\u201335 Hz) local field desynchronizations in sensorimotor and parietal cortex, whereas a number of cognitive task studies have reported higher behavioral accuracy to be associated with increases in \u03b2 band power in prefrontal and sensory cortex. How these two distinct patterns of \u03b2 band oscillations interplay during gait adaptation, however, has not been established. Here we recorded 108 channel EEG activity from 18 participants (10 males, 22\u201335 years old) attempting to walk on a treadmill in synchrony with a series of pacing cue tones, and quickly adapting their step rate and length to sudden shifts in pacing cue tempo. Independent component analysis parsed each participant's EEG data into maximally independent component (IC) source processes, which were then grouped across participants into distinct spatial\/spectral clusters. Following cue tempo shifts, mean \u03b2 band power was suppressed for IC sources in central midline and parietal regions, whereas mean \u03b2 band power increased in IC sources in or near medial prefrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex IC cluster, the \u03b2 band power increase was stronger during (more effortful) step shortening than during step lengthening. These results thus show that two distinct patterns of \u03b2 band activity modulation accompany gait adaptations: one likely serving movement initiation and execution; and the other, motor control and inhibition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT<\/jats:bold>\n                    Understanding brain dynamics supporting gait adaptation is crucial for understanding motor deficits in walking, such as those associated with aging, stroke, and Parkinson's. Only a few electromagnetic brain imaging studies have examined neural correlates of human upright walking. Here, application of independent component analysis to EEG data recorded during treadmill walking allowed us to uncover two distinct \u03b2 band oscillatory cortical networks that are active during gait adaptation to shifts in the tempo of an auditory pacing cue: (8\u201313 Hz) \u03bc rhythm and (13\u201335 Hz) \u03b2 band power decreases in central and parietal cortex and (14\u201320 Hz) \u03b2 band power increases in frontal brain areas. These results provide a fuller framework for electrophysiological studies of cortical gait control and its disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3543-15.2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]],"date-time":"2016-02-17T17:07:19Z","timestamp":1455728839000},"page":"2212-2226","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":204,"title":["Distinct \u03b2 Band Oscillatory Networks Subserving Motor and Cognitive Control during Gait 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