{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:21:50Z","timestamp":1792732910843,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,2]],"date-time":"2008-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mammalian neuromuscular junctions are useful model synapses to study the relationship between synaptic structure and function, although these have rarely been studied together at the same synapses. To do this, we generated transgenic lines of mice in which the<jats:italic>thy1.2<\/jats:italic>promoter drives expression of synaptopHluorin (spH) as a means of optically measuring synaptic vesicle distribution and release. SpH is colocalized with other synaptic vesicle proteins in presynaptic terminals and does not alter normal synaptic function. Nerve stimulation leads to readily detectable and reproducible fluorescence changes in motor axon terminals that vary with stimulus frequency and, when compared with electrophysiological recordings, are reliable indicators of neurotransmitter release. Measurements of fluorescence intensity changes reveal a surprising amount of heterogeneity in synaptic vesicle release throughout individual presynaptic motor axon terminals. Some discrete terminal regions consistently displayed a greater rate and extent of release than others, regardless of stimulation frequency. The amount of release at a particular site is highly correlated to the relative abundance of synaptic vesicles there, indicating that a relatively constant fraction of the total vesicular pool, \u223c30%, is released in response to activity. These studies reveal previously unknown relationships between synaptic structure and function at mammalian neuromuscular junctions and demonstrate the usefulness of spH expressing mice as a tool for studying neuromuscular synapses in adults, as well as during development and diseases that affect neuromuscular synaptic function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3544-07.2008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,2]],"date-time":"2008-01-02T16:43:15Z","timestamp":1199292195000},"page":"325-335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Heterogeneity in Synaptic Vesicle Release at Neuromuscular Synapses of Mice Expressing SynaptopHluorin"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Wyatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita J.","family":"Balice-Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-02-00834.1993","article-title":"In vivo observations of pre- and postsynaptic changes during the transition from multiple to single innervation at developing neuromuscular junctions","volume":"13","author":"Balice-Gordon","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017836","article-title":"The probability of quantal secretion at release sites in different calcium concentrations in toad (Bufo marinus) muscle","volume":"418","author":"Bennett","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1553547"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(96)00121-5"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00165-3"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00084-2"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.06.008"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880050905"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.24.7636"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.476"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90592-8"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1979.sp012785","article-title":"Change of statistical parameters of transmitter release during various kinetic tests in unparalyzed voltage-clamped rat diaphragm","volume":"290","author":"Glavinovic","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81113-7"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1526"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21163"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.57.2.315"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05183.x"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1975.00490500030002"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501145102"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137368"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1981.sp013586","article-title":"Non-linear summation of end-plate potentials in the frog and mouse","volume":"311","author":"McLachlan","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/28190"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80301-3"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03112"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00521-9"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02184"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.27","first-page":"8P","article-title":"A non-phosphate-buffered physiological saline for in vitro electrophysiological studies on the mammalina neuromuscular junctions","volume":"278","author":"Rees","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-07-02511.1999","article-title":"Synaptic vesicle dynamics in rat fast and slow motor nerve terminals","volume":"19","author":"Reid","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9340","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-28-09340.2003","article-title":"Activity-dependent plasticity of transmitter release from nerve terminals in rat fast and slow muscles","volume":"23","author":"Reid","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4900-04.2005"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1994.0009"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094682"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00251.2006"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35008615"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/83949"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/86042"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138746"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0670-07.2007"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-12-04855.1999","article-title":"Endocytic active zones: hot spots for endocytosis in vertebrate neuromuscular terminals","volume":"19","author":"Teng","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08180.x","article-title":"Tissue-specific control elements of the Thy-1 gene","volume":"9","author":"Vidal","year":"1990","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04592"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1997.sp022007","article-title":"The contribution of postsynaptic folds to the safety factor for neuromuscular transmission in rat fast- and slow-twitch muscles","volume":"500","author":"Wood","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"2023041303292790000_28.1.325.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(00)00055-1"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3544-07.2008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T18:28:16Z","timestamp":1681410496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jneurosci.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3544-07.2008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3544-07.2008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.3544-07.2008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-6474","1529-2401"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-6474","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-2401","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,2]]}}}