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Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Most vertebrates communicate acoustically, but few, among them humans, dolphins and whales, bats, and three orders of birds, learn this trait.\n                    <jats:italic>FOXP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the first gene linked to human speech and has been the target of positive selection during recent primate evolution. To test whether the expression pattern of\n                    <jats:italic>FOXP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    is consistent with a role in learned vocal communication, we cloned zebra finch\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its close relative\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and compared mRNA and protein distribution in developing and adult brains of a variety of avian vocal learners and non-learners, and a crocodile. We found that the protein sequence of zebra finch FoxP2 is 98% identical with mouse and human FOXP2. In the avian and crocodilian forebrain,\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    was expressed predominantly in the striatum, a basal ganglia brain region affected in patients with\n                    <jats:italic>FOXP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations. Strikingly, in zebra finches, the striatal nucleus Area X, necessary for vocal learning, expressed more\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    than the surrounding tissue at post-hatch days 35 and 50, when vocal learning occurs. In adult canaries,\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in Area X differed seasonally; more\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression was associated with times when song becomes unstable. In adult chickadees, strawberry finches, song sparrows, and Bengalese finches, Area X expressed\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    to different degrees. Non-telencephalic regions in both vocal learning and non-learning birds, and in crocodiles, were less variable in expression and comparable with regions that express\n                    <jats:italic>FOXP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    in human and rodent brains. We conclude that differential expression of\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    in avian vocal learners might be associated with vocal plasticity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.4369-03.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,31]],"date-time":"2004-03-31T15:47:59Z","timestamp":1080748079000},"page":"3164-3175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":308,"title":["<i>FoxP2<\/i>\n                    Expression in Avian Vocal Learners and Non-Learners"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Haesler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Nshdejan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward E.","family":"Morrisey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Lints","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Jarvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constance","family":"Scharff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041303060661000_24.13.3164.1","first-page":"8820","volume":"61","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2023041303060661000_24.13.3164.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480280108"},{"key":"2023041303060661000_24.13.3164.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4695(199905)39:2<155::AID-NEU1>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"2023041303060661000_24.13.3164.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10093"},{"key":"2023041303060661000_24.13.3164.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1999.7430"},{"key":"2023041303060661000_24.13.3164.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bottjer SW, Arnold AP (1985) Cerebral lateralization in birds. 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