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Importantly, the contribution of individual inflammatory complement proteins to spinal cord injury (SCI) pathology is not well understood. Although the presence of complement components increases after SCI in association with axons and myelin, it is unknown whether complement proteins affect axon growth or regeneration. We report a novel role for complement C1q in neurite outgrowth<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and axon regrowth after SCI. In culture, C1q increased neurite length on myelin. Protein and molecular assays revealed that C1q interacts directly with myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) in myelin, resulting in reduced activation of growth inhibitory signaling in neurons. In agreement with a C1q-outgrowth-enhancing mechanism in which C1q binding to MAG reduces MAG signaling to neurons, complement C1q blocked both the growth inhibitory and repulsive turning effects of MAG<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, C1q KO mice demonstrated increased sensory axon turning within the spinal cord lesion after SCI with peripheral conditioning injury, consistent with C1q-mediated neutralization of MAG. Finally, we present data that extend the role for C1q in axon growth and guidance to include the sprouting patterns of descending corticospinal tract axons into spinal gray matter after dorsal column transection SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.4473-12.2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]],"date-time":"2015-03-11T16:33:23Z","timestamp":1426091603000},"page":"4332-4349","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Complement Protein C1q Modulates Neurite Outgrowth<i>In Vitro<\/i>and Spinal Cord Axon Regeneration<i>In Vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Sheri L.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hal X.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar 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