{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T05:43:48Z","timestamp":1792129428134,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,25]],"date-time":"2009-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1253836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":184,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Brainstem serotonin (5-HT) neurons modulate activity of many neural circuits in the mammalian brain, but in many cases endogenous mechanisms have not been resolved. Here, we analyzed actions of raph\u00e9 5-HT neurons on respiratory network activity including at the level of the pre-B\u00f6tzinger complex (pre-B\u00f6tC) in neonatal rat medullary slices\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and in the more intact nervous system of juvenile rats in arterially perfused brainstem\u2013spinal cord preparations\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    . At basal levels of activity, excitation of the respiratory network via simultaneous release of 5-HT and substance P (SP), acting at 5-HT\n                    <jats:sub>2A\/2C<\/jats:sub>\n                    , 5-HT\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and\/or neurokinin-1 receptors, was required to maintain inspiratory motor output in both the neonatal and juvenile systems. The midline raph\u00e9 obscurus contained spontaneously active 5-HT neurons, some of which projected to the pre-B\u00f6tC and hypoglossal motoneurons, colocalized 5-HT and SP, and received reciprocal excitatory connections from the pre-B\u00f6tC. Experimentally augmenting raph\u00e9 obscurus activity increased motor output by simultaneously exciting pre-B\u00f6tC and motor neurons. Biophysical analyses\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrated that 5-HT and SP modulated background cation conductances in pre-B\u00f6tC and motor neurons, including a nonselective cation leak current that contributed to the resting potential, which explains the neuronal depolarization that augmented motor output. Furthermore, we found that 5-HT, but not SP, can transform the electrophysiological phenotype of some pre-B\u00f6tC neurons to intrinsic bursters, providing 5-HT with an additional role in promoting rhythm generation. We conclude that raph\u00e9 5-HT neurons excite key circuit components required for generation of respiratory motor output.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.5271-08.2009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,25]],"date-time":"2009-03-25T13:58:01Z","timestamp":1237989481000},"page":"3720-3737","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":264,"title":["Raph\u00e9 Neurons Stimulate Respiratory Circuit Activity by Multiple Mechanisms via Endogenously Released Serotonin and Substance P"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Ptak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Yamanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Aungst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorin S.","family":"Milescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George B.","family":"Richerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041303372035000_29.12.3720.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240050089","article-title":"Serotonergic and noradrenergic effects on respiratory neural discharge in the medullary slice preparation of neonatal rats","volume":"431","author":"Al-Zubaidy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"2023041303372035000_29.12.3720.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp020758","article-title":"Inhibition of N- and P-type calcium currents and the after-hyperpolarization in rat motoneurones by serotonin","volume":"485","author":"Bayliss","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2023041303372035000_29.12.3720.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.3.1362","article-title":"Effects of serotonin on caudal raph\u00e9 neurons: inhibition of N- and P\/Q-type calcium channels and the afterhyperpolarization","volume":"77","author":"Bayliss","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041303372035000_29.12.3720.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(89)90041-X"},{"key":"2023041303372035000_29.12.3720.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.1.382","article-title":"Models of respiratory rhythm generation in the pre-B\u00f6tzinger complex. 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