{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T04:29:17Z","timestamp":1793507357545,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,18]],"date-time":"2009-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1250553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":181,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A widely observed phenomenon in decision making under risk is the apparent overweighting of unlikely events and the underweighting of nearly certain events. This violates standard assumptions in expected utility theory, which requires that expected utility be linear (objective) in probabilities. Models such as prospect theory have relaxed this assumption and introduced the notion of a \u201cprobability weighting function,\u201d which captures the key properties found in experimental data. This study reports functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data that neural response to expected reward is nonlinear in probabilities. Specifically, we found that activity in the striatum during valuation of monetary gambles are nonlinear in probabilities in the pattern predicted by prospect theory, suggesting that probability distortion is reflected at the level of the reward encoding process. The degree of nonlinearity reflected in individual subjects' decisions is also correlated with striatal activity across subjects. Our results shed light on the neural mechanisms of reward processing, and have implications for future neuroscientific studies of decision making involving extreme tails of the distribution, where probability weighting provides an explanation for commonly observed behavioral anomalies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.5296-08.2009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,19]],"date-time":"2009-02-19T20:03:45Z","timestamp":1235073825000},"page":"2231-2237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":217,"title":["Neural Response to Reward Anticipation under Risk Is Nonlinear in Probabilities"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Ming","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Krajbich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin F.","family":"Camerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.001"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1907921"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.5.2066"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.10.028"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01065371"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128356"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox CF Poldrack R (2008) in Neuroeconomics: decision making and the brain, Prospect theory and the brain, eds Glimcher P Camerer CF Fehr E Poldrack RA (Elsevier, New York), pp 145\u2013174.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374176-9.00011-7"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500002370","article-title":"\u201cDecisions from experience\u201d = sampling error + prospect theory: reconsidering Hertwig, Barron, Weber & Erev (2004)","volume":"1","author":"Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Judgment Decision Making"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020402"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00382.2005"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00715.x"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.107.3.500"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.01.024"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kagel JH Battalio RC Green L (1995) Economic choice theory: an experimental analysis of animal behavior (Cambridge UP, New York).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511664854"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.47.12.1712.10239"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0593"},{"key":"2023041303364679000_29.7.2231.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knutson B Adams CM Fong GW Hommer D (2001) J Neurosci, Anticipation of increasing monetary reward selectively recruits nucleus accumbens. 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