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Cell and explant culture techniques, immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, and Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>imaging were used to examine the impact of IL-17 on adult mouse sympathetic neurons. Receptors for IL-17 were present on postganglionic neurons from superior mesenteric ganglia (SMG). Supernatant from activated splenic T lymphocytes, which was abundant in IL-17, dramatically enhanced axonal length of SMG neurons. Importantly, IL-17-neutralizing antiserum abrogated the neurotrophic effect of splenocyte supernatant, and incubation of SMG neurons in IL-17 (1 ng\/ml) significantly potentiated neurite outgrowth. The neurotrophic effect of IL-17 was accompanied by inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>influx and was recapitulated by incubation of neurons in a blocker of N-type Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>channels (\u03c9-conotoxin GVIA; 30 n<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>). IL-17-induced neurite outgrowth<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>appeared to be independent of glia, as treatment with a glial toxin (AraC; 5 \u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) did not affect the outgrowth response to IL-17. Moreover, application of the cytokine to distal axons devoid of glial processes enhanced neurite extension. An inhibitor of the NF-\u03baB pathway (SC-514; 20 \u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) blocked the effects of IL-17. These data represent the first evidence that IL-17 can act on sympathetic somata and distal neurites to enhance neurite outgrowth, and identify a novel potential role for IL-17 in the neuroanatomical plasticity that accompanies inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.5343-11.2012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,26]],"date-time":"2012-01-26T03:32:26Z","timestamp":1327548746000},"page":"1146-1155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Interleukin-17A Increases Neurite Outgrowth from Adult Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Susan P.","family":"Chisholm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea 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