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The survival promoting effect of veratridine was reproduced by, but independent of, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Neuroprotection by veratridine was exquisitely specific to DA neurons, short-lived after withdrawal, and abolished by tetrodotoxin, indicating that activation of voltage-gated Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>channels was crucially involved. Calcium measurements showed that veratridine-induced Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>influx was necessary to maintain intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>within a neuroprotective range through the stimulation of low-voltage activated T-type calcium channels, a mechanism that was distinct from that elicited by high K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-evoked depolarization. Interestingly, increasing neuronal excitability by treatment with apamin, an inhibitor of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-activated K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>channels, or with ouabain, a blocker of the Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-ATPase pump, was also neuroprotective by a mechanism involving T-type calcium channel activation. These results support the idea that mesencephalic DA neurons depend primarily on excitatory input for their survival during development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.5668-03.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,30]],"date-time":"2004-06-30T16:23:28Z","timestamp":1088612608000},"page":"5922-5930","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Rescue of Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons in Culture by Low-Level Stimulation of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"B\u00e9n\u00e9dicte","family":"Salthun-Lassalle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne C.","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Wolfart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merle","family":"Ruberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick P.","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92989-F"},{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90526-V"},{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb11298.x"},{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490300213"},{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.20.040180.000311"},{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5301.838"},{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00568-3"},{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90110-V"},{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00401.x"},{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5420","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-07-05420.1995","volume":"15","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-5748(00)00050-2"},{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016865","volume":"394","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90141-1"},{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(01)00418-1"},{"key":"2023041303072014000_24.26.5922.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammond C (2001) Subliminal voltage-gated currents of the somatodendritic membrane. 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