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Here we investigated the architecture of multisynaptic pathways from the frontal cortex to the middle temporal area (MT) of the dorsal visual stream and visual area 4 (V4) of the ventral visual stream in macaques. In the first series of experiments, the retrograde trans-synaptic tracer, rabies virus, was injected into MT or V4. Three days after rabies injections, the second-order (disynaptically connected) neuron labeling appeared in the ventral part of area 46 (area 46v), along with the first-order (monosynaptically connected) neuron labeling in FEF and LIP. In the MT-injection case, second-order neurons were also observed in the supplementary eye field (SEF). In the next series of experiments, double injections of two fluorescent dyes, fast blue and diamidino yellow, were made into MT and V4 to examine whether the frontal inputs are mediated by distinct or common neuronal populations. Virtually no double-labeled neurons were observed in FEF or LIP, indicating that separate neuronal populations mediate the frontal inputs to MT and V4. The present results define that the multisynaptic frontal input to V4 arises primarily from area 46v, whereas the input to MT arises from not only area 46v but also SEF, through distinct FEF and LIP neurons. Segregated pathways from the frontal cortex possibly carry the functionally diverse top-down signals to each visual stream.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.6295-11.2012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,16]],"date-time":"2012-05-16T17:41:33Z","timestamp":1337190093000},"page":"6851-6858","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Segregated Pathways Carrying Frontally Derived Top-Down Signals to Visual Areas MT and V4 in Macaques"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Taihei","family":"Ninomiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromasa","family":"Sawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken-ichi","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.07.010"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.05.010"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902000309"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-09-03263.2000","article-title":"Laminar distribution of neurons in extrastriate areas projecting to visual areas V1 and V4 correlates with the hierarchical rank and indicates the operation of a distance rule","volume":"20","author":"Barone","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077395"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902990404"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902960311"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh117"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907658106"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90692.2008"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craighero L Rizzolatti G (2005) in Neurobiology of attention, The premotor theory of attention, eds Itti L Rees G Tsotsos JK (Elsevier, New York), pp 181\u2013186.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012375731-9\/50035-5"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903340111"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153276"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04736.x"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.78.3.1433","article-title":"Neuronal responses in visual areas MT and MST during smooth pursuit target selection","volume":"78","author":"Ferrera","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.63.4.814","article-title":"Visuospatial coding in primate prefrontal neurons revealed by oculomotor paradigms","volume":"63","author":"Funahashi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/72999"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00904.2003"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902930211"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902650304"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1827.2003.01511.x"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.315"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(00)00296-X"},{"key":"2023041303562638000_32.20.6851.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1988.60.2.580","article-title":"Relation of cortical areas MT and MST to pursuit eye movements. 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