{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T22:07:19Z","timestamp":1776290839725,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,13]],"date-time":"2010-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1278979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":181,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Animals depend on a large variety of rewards but their brains have a limited dynamic coding range. When rewards are uncertain, neuronal coding needs to cover a wide range of possible rewards. However, when reward is likely to occur within a specific range, focusing the sensitivity on the predicted range would optimize the discrimination of small reward differences. One way to overcome the trade-off between wide coverage and optimal discrimination is to adapt reward sensitivity dynamically to the available rewards. We investigated how changes in reward distribution influenced the coding of reward in the orbitofrontal cortex. Animals performed an oculomotor task in which a fixation cue predicted the SD of the probability distribution of juice volumes, while the expected mean volume was kept constant. A subsequent cue specified the exact juice volume obtained for a correct saccade response. Population responses of orbitofrontal neurons that reflected the predicted juice volume showed adaptation to the reward distribution. Statistical tests on individual responses revealed that a quarter of value-coding neurons shifted the reward sensitivity slope significantly between two reward distributions, whereas the remaining neurons showed insignificant change or lack of adaptation. Adaptations became more prominent when reward distributions changed less frequently, indicating time constraints for assessing reward distributions and adjusting neuronal sensitivity. The observed neuronal adaptation would optimize discrimination and contribute to the efficient coding of a large variety of potential rewards by neurons with limited dynamic range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.4009-09.2010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,13]],"date-time":"2010-01-13T18:34:52Z","timestamp":1263407692000},"page":"534-544","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":167,"title":["Adaptation of Reward Sensitivity in Orbitofrontal Neurons"],"prefix":"10.1523","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ofelia","family":"Pinto de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"393","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.1","unstructured":"Barlow H (1961) in Sensory communication, Possible principles underlying the transformation of sensory messages, ed Rosenblith WA (MIT, Cambridge, MA), pp 217\u2013234."},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230535","article-title":"Amygdalectomy and ventromedial prefrontal ablation produce similar deficits in food choice and in simple object discrimination learning for an unseen reward","volume":"86","author":"Baylis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81205-2"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2223-z"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1541"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1082-989X.1.3.261"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/380069a0"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06150"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.9","unstructured":"Fairhall AL Bialek W (2002) in The handbook of brain theory and neural networks, Adaptive spike coding, ed Arbib MA (MIT, Cambridge, MA), pp 90\u201394."},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35090500"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077349"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.3.1135","article-title":"Coding strategies in monkey V1 and inferior temporal cortices","volume":"79","author":"Gershon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.3.649"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.3.263"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2006.12.003"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03689"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237911","article-title":"Perseverative interference in monkeys following selective lesions of the inferior prefrontal convexity","volume":"11","author":"Iversen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1600-08.2008"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00472.2001","article-title":"Influence of reward expectation on visuospatial processing in macaque lateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"87","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-1981-9-1040","article-title":"A simple coding procedure enhances a neuron's information capacity","volume":"36","author":"Laughlin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Z Naturforsch C"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00657606"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050019"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3751-09.2009"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04676"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2020"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2013"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.74.2.751","article-title":"Information coding in the rodent prefrontal cortex. II. Ensemble activity in orbitofrontal cortex","volume":"74","author":"Schoenbaum","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm034"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235545","article-title":"The orbitofrontal cortex: neuronal activity in the behaving monkey","volume":"49","author":"Thorpe","year":"1983","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105370"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/19525"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1995.7.2.399"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5549-07.2008"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00101-7"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02922.x"},{"key":"2023041303415987000_30.2.534.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2007.07.001"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4009-09.2010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T19:45:27Z","timestamp":1681415127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jneurosci.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4009-09.2010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,13]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4009-09.2010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.4009-09.2010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-6474","1529-2401"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-6474","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-2401","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,13]]}}}