{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:51:51Z","timestamp":1791204711641,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,8]],"date-time":"2008-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3600,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Anthropol Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gendered violence is not a special type of torture used only in war. Its roots are well established in peacetime. This article discusses parallels between the patterns of everyday domination and aggression during times of peace and war. Further, it discusses how metaphors and acts of rape in peacetime are transformed into symbols and acts of rape for wartime purposes. During peacetime the individual body, especially its essences \u2014sexuality and reproduction\u2014becomes the symbol of everyday domination and aggression. Wartime transforms individual bodies into social bodies as seen, for example, in genocidal rapes or ethnic cleansing, which are thought to purify the bloodlines. Then, institutions\u2014that is, medical, religious, and government establishments\u2014further reinforce the wartime process by manipulating the individual\/social body into the body politic by controlling and defining \"human life\" and using political rapes to entice military action by the West. The final transformation (at the war's conclusion) is the reformation of the social body back into the individual body, making the individual body once again the focus of dominance and aggression as the acceptable social \"order.\u201d [war rapes, gender, body folklore, Croatia, Bosnia\u2010Herzegovina]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1525\/maq.1998.12.1.31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,23]],"date-time":"2004-11-23T21:08:57Z","timestamp":1101244137000},"page":"31-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Embodiment of Terror: Gendered Violence in Peacetime and Wartime in Croatia and Bosnia\u2010Herzegovina"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maria B.","family":"Olujic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/eth.1995.23.2.02a00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Blood Revenge: The Enactment and Management of Conflict in Montenegro and Other Tribal Societies","author":"Boehm Christopher","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9783\/9780812292503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Characteristics of Sexual Violence against Men during the War in Croatia and Bosnia\u2010Herzegovina. Paper presented at the conference entitled \"(En)Gendering Violence: Terror","author":"Brecic Petra","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape","author":"Brownmiller Susan","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Making Female Bodies the Battlefield: Alas for Women, There Is Nothing Unprecedented about Mass Rape in War","volume":"4","author":"Brownmiller Susan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Newsweek, January"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Communal Families in the Balkans: The Zadruga","author":"Byrnes Robert F.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Patriarchy or Seniority in Croatia: Regional and Historical perspective","author":"Capo\u2010Zmegac Jasna","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Embodiment and Experience: The Existential Ground of Culture and Self","author":"Csordas Thomas J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"The People of the Mediterranean: An Essay in Comparative Social Anthropology","author":"Davis J.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"The Seed and the Soil: Gender and Cosmology in Turkish Village Society","author":"Delaney Carol","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Women, Culture, and Society","author":"Denich Bettie","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Ethnic Nationalism: The Tragic Death of Yugoslavia","author":"Denich Bogdan","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2783077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology","author":"Douglas Mary","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Collateral Damage: The New World Order at Home and Abroad","author":"Enloe Cynthia","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"European Community Investigation Mission into the Treatment of Muslim Women in the Former Yugoslavia."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"N.d. Unpublished internal report. December 1992."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Collateral Damage: The New World Order at Home and Abroad","author":"Farmanfarmaian Abouali","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226240800.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Power\/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings","author":"Foucault Michel","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Alternative Social Structures and Ritual Relations in the Balkans","author":"Hammel Eugene A.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511561207.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"The Woman in the Eyes of Patriarchal Male Refugees: An Analysis of Some Recently Created Bosnian Folk Songs","author":"Knezevic Anto","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Love Thy Neighbor A Story of War","author":"Maass Peter","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Killer's Tale: One Serbian Fighter Leaves Trail of Brutality","volume":"27","author":"Maass Peter","year":"1992","journal-title":"November"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"European Inquiry Says Serbs' Forces Have Raped 20,000","volume":"9","author":"Maass Peter","year":"1993","journal-title":"January"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Rape: Politics and Theory in War and Peace. Working Paper, 146","author":"Nordstrom Carolyn","year":"1994"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"477","article-title":"Economic and Demographic Change in Contemporary Yugoslavia: Persistence of Traditional Gender Ideology","volume":"23","author":"Olujic Maria B.","year":"1990","journal-title":"East European Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"186","volume-title":"Fieldwork under Fire","author":"Olujic Maria B.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Sexual Coercion and Torture in Former Yugoslavia","author":"Nordstrom Carolyn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cultural Survival Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"359","volume-title":"Sexual Meanings: The Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality","author":"Ortner Sherry B.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Edible Women: Ascribed Sexual Availability in Northeast Brazilian Women","author":"Rebhun Linda\u2010Anne","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08039489609081397"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Fieldwork under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival","author":"Robben Antonius","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00159818"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/maq.1987.1.1.02a00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3772796"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/eth.1983.11.1-2.02a00050"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Family in Transition: A Study of 300 Yugoslav Villages","author":"Stein Erlich Vera","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia\u2010Herzegovina","author":"Stiglmayer Alexandra","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/eth.1990.18.3.02a00050"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/can.1991.6.2.02a00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400863235.283","volume-title":"Gendering War Talk","author":"Theweleit Klaus","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Communal Families in the Balkans","author":"Tomasevich Jozo","year":"1976"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Rape as Social Murder","volume":"1","author":"Winkler Cathy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anthropology Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","first-page":"155","volume-title":"Fieldwork under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival","author":"Winkler Cathy","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"234","volume-title":"Women, State, and Party in Eastern Europe","author":"Woodward Susan L.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War","author":"Wolchik Sharon L.","year":"1995"}],"container-title":["Medical Anthropology Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1525%2Fmaq.1998.12.1.31","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1525\/maq.1998.12.1.31","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,28]],"date-time":"2023-10-28T21:11:48Z","timestamp":1698527508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1525\/maq.1998.12.1.31"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1525\/maq.1998.12.1.31"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/maq.1998.12.1.31","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0745-5194","1548-1387"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0745-5194","type":"print"},{"value":"1548-1387","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-01-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}