{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:47:36Z","timestamp":1791967656592,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,8]],"date-time":"2008-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2685,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Anthropol Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many things to many people, opium has played a role in the emergence of several power bases in the United States. In turn, these bases of power have shaped what opium is for the rest of us. Allopathic medicine brought opium and its derivatives under its control around the turn of the century, promulgating \"addiction theory\" and addiction clinics as part of its rise to preeminence among rival forms of medicine. Opium also played a role in the U.S. 's international economic and imperialistic ascendance. When politicians began to deploy a new discourse on opium early in this century, they were able to appropriate medical rhetoric. As the politics of opium heated up, some doctors were able to exploit the emerging politically inspired discourse to generate a subtly different medical knowledge of opiates and addiction while establishing a new subdiscipline with the political support of lawmakers and state institutions, [opiates (opium, morphine, heroin), medicalization of opiates, addiction theory and treatment, international opium trade and policy]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1525\/maq.2000.14.3.414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,24]],"date-time":"2004-11-24T02:11:11Z","timestamp":1101262271000},"page":"414-441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Chasing the Dragon: The Cultural Metamorphosis of Opium in the United States, 1825\u20101935"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marcus","family":"Aurin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"562","article-title":"Anticontagionism between 1821 and 1867","volume":"22","author":"Ackerknecht Erwin H.","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"A Short History of Psychiatry","author":"Ackerknecht Erwin H.","year":"1959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM188910101211502"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Medical Anthropology and the World\u2010System: A Critical Perspective","author":"Baer Hans A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Profession and Monopoly","author":"Berlant Jeffrey L.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"A System of Scientific Medicine: Philanthropic Foundations in the Flexner Era","author":"Berliner Howard S.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Opium and the People","author":"Berridge Virginia","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"190","article-title":"Medical Education in America","volume":"11","author":"Bigelow H. J.","year":"1871","journal-title":"Medical Communications of the Massachusetts Medical Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Dope: The Story of the Living Dead","author":"Black Winifred","year":"1928"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511812507"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America","author":"Brown Richard E.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness","author":"Conrad Peter","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Dark Paradise","author":"Courtwright David T.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"New Phases of Criminal Morphinomania","volume":"21","author":"Crothers Thomas Davison","year":"1899","journal-title":"Journal of Inebriety"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Morphinism and Narcomanias from other Drugs; Their Etiology, Treatment, and Medicolegal Relations","author":"Crothers Thomas Davison","year":"1902"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"The Disease of Inebriety from Alcohol, Opium and other Narcotic Drugs","author":"Crothers Thomas Davison","year":"1904"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"663","article-title":"How the Opium Habit is Acquired","volume":"33","author":"Eaton Virgil","year":"1888","journal-title":"Popular Science Monthly"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison","author":"Foucault Michel","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691228006-008","volume-title":"Culture\/Power\/History","author":"Foucault Michel","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"The Culture of Public Problems: Drinking\u2010Driving and the Symbolic Order","author":"Gusfield Joseph R.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Freud and the Americans: The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis in the United States, 1876\u20131917","author":"Hale Nathan","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought","author":"Haller Mark H.","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Drug Dependence and Rehabilitation Approaches","author":"Hardy Richard E.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Drugs and Minority Oppression","author":"Helmer John","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"The Struggle of Mankind against Its Deadliest Foe","volume":"1","author":"Hobson Richard P.","year":"1928","journal-title":"Narcotic Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"The War on Drugs: Heroin, Cocaine, Crime, and Public Policy","author":"Inciardi James A.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1978.tb00134.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003803857601000202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"The Birth of the Modern","author":"Johnson Paul","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Heroin Addiction","author":"Judson Horace F.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Rise of the New Biology","author":"Kay Lily E.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Inebriety, or Narcomania: Its Etiology, Pathology, Treatment, and Jurisprudence. 3rd edition","author":"Kerr Norman","year":"1894"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"The One Million Drug Addicts in the United States: A Defense of and Suggestion to the Medical Profession","volume":"119","author":"Adolphus Knopf S.","year":"1924","journal-title":"Medical Journal and Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Drug Addiction in its Relation to Crime","volume":"4","author":"Kolb Lawrence","year":"1925","journal-title":"Mental Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1978.39.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"200","article-title":"Alcoholic Neurasthenia","volume":"8","author":"Mann Edward C.","year":"1886","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Inebriety"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","first-page":"160","volume-title":"Philosophical Analysis and History","author":"Mink Louis","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"The American Disease","author":"Musto David F.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1973.75.5.02a00100"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Controlling Human Heredity: 1865 to the Present","author":"Paul Diane B.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis","author":"Rosaldo Renato","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9783\/9781512806342"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801812422","volume-title":"American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century","author":"Rothstein William G.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Kremer's and Urdang's History of Pharmacy. 3rd edition","author":"Sonnedecker Glenn","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"The Social Transformation of American Medicine","author":"Starr Paul","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic, 1900\u20131939","author":"Taylor Arnold H.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"The Opium Problem","author":"Terry Charles","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"American Life as Related to Inebriety","volume":"10","author":"Thwing E. P.","year":"1888","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Inebriety"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"The Heroin Solution","author":"Trebach Arnolds.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"501","article-title":"Importation and Use of Opium","volume":"31","author":"U.S. Congress","year":"1910","journal-title":"Hearings before the House Committee on Ways and Means, 61st Congress, May"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Opium and Foreign Policy: The Anglo\u2010American Search for Order in Asia, 1912\u20131954","author":"Walker William O.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","first-page":"345","article-title":"The Abuse of Morphine","volume":"20","author":"Webster John C.","year":"1904","journal-title":"Clinical Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.101564"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Opium Problem. Report on the International Opium Commission. 61st Congress, 2nd Session","author":"Wright Hamilton","year":"1910"}],"container-title":["Medical Anthropology Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1525%2Fmaq.2000.14.3.414","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1525\/maq.2000.14.3.414","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T14:07:41Z","timestamp":1698588461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1525\/maq.2000.14.3.414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1525\/maq.2000.14.3.414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/maq.2000.14.3.414","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0745-5194","1548-1387"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0745-5194","type":"print"},{"value":"1548-1387","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-01-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}