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While the diagnostic value of anti\u2010N antibodies is clear, their role in immunity is not. This is because while they are non\u2010neutralising, they somehow clear infection by coronavirus, influenza and LCMV\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Here, we show that anti\u2010N immune protection is mediated by the cytosolic Fc receptor and E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21. Exploiting LCMV as a model system, we demonstrate that TRIM21 uses anti\u2010N antibodies to target N for cytosolic degradation and generate cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) against N peptide. These CTLs rapidly eliminate N\u2010peptide\u2010displaying cells and drive efficient viral clearance. These results reveal a new mechanism of immune synergy between antibodies and T cells and highlights N as an important vaccine target.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020106228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T07:17:08Z","timestamp":1606807028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Viral nucleoprotein antibodies activate TRIM21 and induce T cell immunity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9790-7420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah L","family":"Caddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Vaysburd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Papa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Wing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Stoycheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stian","family":"Foss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Terje Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Oxenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2131-0334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo C","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFEMBJ2020106228_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(91)90018-U","volume":"33","author":"M Battegay","year":"1991","unstructured":"Battegay M, Cooper S, Althage A, B\u00e4nziger J, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM (1991) Quantification of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus with an immunological focus assay in 24\u2010 or 96\u2010well plates. 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