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Here, we investigated the fetal hematopoietic response to maternal infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>T.\u2009gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), an intracellular parasite that elicits Type II IFN\u03b3\u2010mediated maternal immunity. While it is known that maternal infection without direct pathogen transmission can affect fetal immune development, the effects of maternal IFN\u03b3 on developing HSCs and the signals that mediate these interactions have not been investigated. Our investigation reveals that the fetal HSCs respond to\n                    <jats:italic>T.\u2009gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection with virulence\u2010dependent changes in proliferation, self\u2010renewal potential, and lineage output. Furthermore, maternal IFN\u03b3 crosses the fetal\u2013maternal interface, where it is perceived by fetal HSCs. By comparing the effects of maternal IFN\u03b3 injection with maternal\n                    <jats:italic>T.\u2009gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, we reveal that the effects of IFN\u03b3 treatment mimic some aspects of the fetal HSC response to infection. Moreover, our findings illuminate that the fetal HSC response to prenatal infection is distinct from the adult HSC response to IFN\u03b3\u2010induced inflammation. Altogether, our data disentangle the role of infection\u2010induced inflammatory cytokines in driving the expansion of downstream hematopoietic progenitors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2022112693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T03:21:41Z","timestamp":1685589701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Both maternal IFN\u03b3 exposure and acute prenatal infection with Toxoplasma gondii activate fetal hematopoietic stem cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3989-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego A","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly S","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6982-9616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"April C","family":"Apostol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7618-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmine","family":"Posada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6879-4439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C","family":"S\u00e1nchez\u2010Arcila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0707-964X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirk DC","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8580-8660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna E","family":"Beaudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFEMBJ2022112693_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0141-9838.2004.00713.x","volume":"26","author":"A Abou\u2010Bacar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abou\u2010Bacar A, Pfaff AW, Letscher\u2010Bru V, Filisetti D, Rajapakse R, Antoni E, Villard O, Klein JP, Candolfi E (2004) Role of gamma interferon and T cells in congenital Toxoplasma transmission. 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