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How to process a wide range of stimulus intensities with temporal precision is an enigmatic phenomenon of the auditory system. Downstream of dynamic range compression by active cochlear micromechanics, the inner hair cells (IHCs) cover the full intensity range of sound input. Yet, the firing rate in each of their postsynaptic spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) encodes only a fraction of it. As a population, spiral ganglion neurons with their respective individual coding fractions cover the entire audible range. How such \u201cdynamic range fractionation\u201d arises is a topic of current research and the focus of this review. Here, we discuss mechanisms for generating the diverse functional properties of SGNs and formulate testable hypotheses. We postulate that an interplay of synaptic heterogeneity, molecularly distinct subtypes of SGNs, and efferent modulation serves the neural decomposition of sound information and thus contributes to a population code for sound intensity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2023114587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T01:01:52Z","timestamp":1696640512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Diversity matters \u2014 extending sound intensity coding by inner hair cells via heterogeneous synapses"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7145-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Moser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nare","family":"Karagulyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4757-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Neef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6752-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina Mar\u00eda","family":"Jaime Tob\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFEMBJ2023114587_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aak9913","volume":"355","author":"F Balzarotti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Balzarotti F, Eilers Y, Gwosch KC, Gynn\u00e5 AH, Westphal V, Stefani FD, Elf J, Hell SW (2017) Nanometer resolution imaging and tracking of fluorescent molecules with minimal photon fluxes. 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