{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:20:59Z","timestamp":1790371259745,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]],"date-time":"2018-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]],"date-time":"2018-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25293201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25293201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25110719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25110719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16H06279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16H06279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18K15186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K15186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15K19126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K19126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["255768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["255768"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18K11526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K11526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15K00401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K00401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nagao Memorial Fund"},{"name":"Victorian Cancer Agency Mid\u2010Career Fellowship","award":["MCRF15015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCRF15015"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008667","name":"SENSHIN Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008667","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005865","name":"Mochida Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EMBO Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201846303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]],"date-time":"2018-10-25T04:45:15Z","timestamp":1540442715000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["ADAR1\u2010mediated RNA editing is required for thymic self\u2010tolerance and inhibition of autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Taisuke","family":"Nakahama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung In","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuangtong","family":"Vongpipatana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4784-9031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl R","family":"Walkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2629-9405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukio","family":"Kawahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2015.07.001","volume":"21","author":"MA Zipeto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zipeto MA, Jiang Q, Melese E, Jamieson CH (2015) RNA rewriting, recoding, and rewiring in human disease. Trends Mol Med 21: 549\u2013559","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060208-105251","volume":"79","author":"K Nishikura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nishikura K (2010) Functions and regulation of RNA editing by ADAR deaminases. Annu Rev Biochem 79: 321\u2013349","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0001","volume":"34","author":"CX George","year":"2014","unstructured":"George CX, John L, Samuel CE (2014) An RNA editor, adenosine deaminase acting on double\u2010stranded RNA (ADAR1). J Interferon Cytokine Res 34: 437\u2013446","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt996","volume":"22","author":"EY Levanon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Levanon EY, Eisenberg E, Yelin R, Nemzer S, Hallegger M, Shemesh R, Fligelman ZY, Shoshan A, Pollock SR, Sztybel D et\u00a0al (2004) Systematic identification of abundant A\u2010to\u2010I editing sites in the human transcriptome. Nat Biotechnol 22: 1001\u20131005","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2414","volume":"44","author":"GI Rice","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rice GI, Kasher PR, Forte GM, Mannion NM, Greenwood SM, Szynkiewicz M, Dickerson JE, Bhaskar SS, Zampini M, Briggs TA et\u00a0al (2012) Mutations in ADAR1 cause Aicardi\u2010Goutieres syndrome associated with a type I interferon signature. Nat Genet 44: 1243\u20131248","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1680","volume":"10","author":"JC Hartner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hartner JC, Walkley CR, Lu J, Orkin SH (2009) ADAR1 is essential for the maintenance of hematopoiesis and suppression of interferon signaling. Nat Immunol 10: 109\u2013115","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5497.1765","volume":"290","author":"Q Wang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang Q, Khillan J, Gadue P, Nishikura K (2000) Requirement of the RNA editing deaminase ADAR1 gene for embryonic erythropoiesis. Science 290: 1765\u20131768","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac7049","volume":"349","author":"BJ Liddicoat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liddicoat BJ, Piskol R, Chalk AM, Ramaswami G, Higuchi M, Hartner JC, Li JB, Seeburg PH, Walkley CR (2015) RNA editing by ADAR1 prevents MDA5 sensing of endogenous dsRNA as nonself. Science 349: 1115\u20131120","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.10.041","volume":"9","author":"NM Mannion","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mannion NM, Greenwood SM, Young R, Cox S, Brindle J, Read D, Nellaker C, Vesely C, Ponting CP, McLaughlin PJ et\u00a0al (2014) The RNA\u2010editing enzyme ADAR1 controls innate immune responses to RNA. Cell Rep 9: 1482\u20131494","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.11.001","volume":"43","author":"K Pestal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pestal K, Funk CC, Snyder JM, Price ND, Treuting PM, Stetson DB (2015) Isoforms of RNA\u2010editing enzyme ADAR1 independently control nucleic acid sensor MDA5\u2010driven autoimmunity and multi\u2010organ development. Immunity 43: 933\u2013944","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1303","volume":"7","author":"T Kawai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kawai T, Akira S (2006) Innate immune recognition of viral infection. Nat Immunol 7: 131\u2013137","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.003","volume":"34","author":"YM Loo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Loo YM, Gale M Jr (2011) Immune signaling by RIG\u2010I\u2010like receptors. Immunity 34: 680\u2013692","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4894","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M311347200","volume":"279","author":"JC Hartner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hartner JC, Schmittwolf C, Kispert A, Muller AM, Higuchi M, Seeburg PH (2004) Liver disintegration in the mouse embryo caused by deficiency in the RNA\u2010editing enzyme ADAR1. J Biol Chem 279: 4894\u20134902","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4952","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M310162200","volume":"279","author":"Q Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang Q, Miyakoda M, Yang W, Khillan J, Stachura DL, Weiss MJ, Nishikura K (2004) Stress\u2010induced apoptosis associated with null mutation of ADAR1 RNA editing deaminase gene. J Biol Chem 279: 4952\u20134961","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54370","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11029","volume":"7","author":"V Marcu\u2010Malina","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marcu\u2010Malina V, Goldberg S, Vax E, Amariglio N, Goldstein I, Rechavi G (2016) ADAR1 is vital for B cell lineage development in the mouse bone marrow. Oncotarget 7: 54370\u201354379","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.001","volume":"124","author":"MD Cooper","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cooper MD, Alder MN (2006) The evolution of adaptive immune systems. Cell 124: 815\u2013822","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nri798","volume":"2","author":"RN Germain","year":"2002","unstructured":"Germain RN (2002) T\u2010cell development and the CD4\u2010CD8 lineage decision. Nat Rev Immunol 2: 309\u2013322","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141107","volume":"21","author":"TK Starr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Starr TK, Jameson SC, Hogquist KA (2003) Positive and negative selection of T cells. Annu Rev Immunol 21: 139\u2013176","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064828","volume":"20","author":"P Guermonprez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Guermonprez P, Valladeau J, Zitvogel L, Thery C, Amigorena S (2002) Antigen presentation and T cell stimulation by dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol 20: 621\u2013667","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1351","volume":"4","author":"K Ley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ley K, Kansas GS (2004) Selectins in T\u2010cell recruitment to non\u2010lymphoid tissues and sites of inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 4: 325\u2013335","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.05.009","volume":"133","author":"S Sakaguchi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sakaguchi S, Yamaguchi T, Nomura T, Ono M (2008) Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance. Cell 133: 775\u2013787","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075958","volume":"298","author":"MS Anderson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Anderson MS, Venanzi ES, Klein L, Chen Z, Berzins SP, Turley SJ, von Boehmer H, Bronson R, Dierich A, Benoist C et\u00a0al (2002) Projection of an immunological self shadow within the thymus by the aire protein. Science 298: 1395\u20131401","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/ni906","volume":"4","author":"A Liston","year":"2003","unstructured":"Liston A, Lesage S, Wilson J, Peltonen L, Goodnow CC (2003) Aire regulates negative selection of organ\u2010specific T cells. Nat Immunol 4: 350\u2013354","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02119","volume":"426","author":"N Sakaguchi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sakaguchi N, Takahashi T, Hata H, Nomura T, Tagami T, Yamazaki S, Sakihama T, Matsutani T, Negishi I, Nakatsuru S et\u00a0al (2003) Altered thymic T\u2010cell selection due to a mutation of the ZAP\u201070 gene causes autoimmune arthritis in mice. Nature 426: 454\u2013460","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101212","volume":"28","author":"J Zhu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhu J, Yamane H, Paul WE (2010) Differentiation of effector CD4 T cell populations (*). Annu Rev Immunol 28: 445\u2013489","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20122239","volume":"210","author":"DJ Johnson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Johnson DJ, Pao LI, Dhanji S, Murakami K, Ohashi PS, Neel BG (2013) Shp1 regulates T cell homeostasis by limiting IL\u20104 signals. J Exp Med 210: 1419\u20131431","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3419","volume":"17","author":"Y Xing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xing Y, Wang X, Jameson SC, Hogquist KA (2016) Late stages of T cell maturation in the thymus involve NF\u2010kappaB and tonic type I interferon signaling. Nat Immunol 17: 565\u2013573","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.12.2301","volume":"188","author":"HS Azzam","year":"1998","unstructured":"Azzam HS, Grinberg A, Lui K, Shen H, Shores EW, Love PE (1998) CD5 expression is developmentally regulated by T cell receptor (TCR) signals and TCR avidity. J Exp Med 188: 2301\u20132311","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/86302","volume":"2","author":"MS Jordan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jordan MS, Boesteanu A, Reed AJ, Petrone AL, Holenbeck AE, Lerman MA, Naji A, Caton AJ (2001) Thymic selection of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells induced by an agonist self\u2010peptide. Nat Immunol 2: 301\u2013306","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/333742a0","volume":"333","author":"P Kisielow","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kisielow P, Bluthmann H, Staerz UD, Steinmetz M, von Boehmer H (1988) Tolerance in T\u2010cell\u2010receptor transgenic mice involves deletion of nonmature CD4+8+ thymocytes. Nature 333: 742\u2013746","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.092601.111357","volume":"20","author":"LE Samelson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Samelson LE (2002) Signal transduction mediated by the T cell antigen receptor: the role of adapter proteins. Annu Rev Immunol 20: 371\u2013394","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq285","volume":"26","author":"A Kiran","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kiran A, Baranov PV (2010) DARNED: a DAtabase of RNa EDiting in humans. Bioinformatics 26: 1772\u20131776","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.5.2296","volume":"164","author":"D Zella","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zella D, Romerio F, Curreli S, Secchiero P, Cicala C, Zagury D, Gallo RC (2000) IFN\u2010alpha 2b reduces IL\u20102 production and IL\u20102 receptor function in primary CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 164: 2296\u20132302","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5421.1835","volume":"284","author":"FP Siegal","year":"1999","unstructured":"Siegal FP, Kadowaki N, Shodell M, Fitzgerald\u2010Bocarsly PA, Shah K, Ho S, Antonenko S, Liu YJ (1999) The nature of the principal type 1 interferon\u2010producing cells in human blood. Science 284: 1835\u20131837","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/11360","volume":"5","author":"M Cella","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cella M, Jarrossay D, Facchetti F, Alebardi O, Nakajima H, Lanzavecchia A, Colonna M (1999) Plasmacytoid monocytes migrate to inflamed lymph nodes and produce large amounts of type I interferon. Nat Med 5: 919\u2013923","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1141","volume":"5","author":"M Colonna","year":"2004","unstructured":"Colonna M, Trinchieri G, Liu YJ (2004) Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in immunity. Nat Immunol 5: 1219\u20131226","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7673","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.15.7673","volume":"93","author":"JF Bromberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bromberg JF, Horvath CM, Wen Z, Schreiber RD, Darnell JE Jr (1996) Transcriptionally active Stat1 is required for the antiproliferative effects of both interferon alpha and interferon gamma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 7673\u20137678","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.2.609","volume":"174","author":"Y Tanabe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tanabe Y, Nishibori T, Su L, Arduini RM, Baker DP, David M (2005) Cutting edge: role of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 in IFN\u2010alpha beta responses in T lymphocytes. J Immunol 174: 609\u2013613","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D737","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw995","volume":"45","author":"M Lizio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lizio M, Harshbarger J, Abugessaisa I, Noguchi S, Kondo A, Severin J, Mungall C, Arenillas D, Mathelier A, Medvedeva YA et\u00a0al (2017) Update of the FANTOM web resource: high resolution transcriptome of diverse cell types in mammals. Nucleic Acids Res 45: D737\u2013D743","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2009.11.002","volume":"31","author":"M Irla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Irla M, Hollander G, Reith W (2010) Control of central self\u2010tolerance induction by autoreactive CD4+ thymocytes. Trends Immunol 31: 71\u201379","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24252","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024252","volume":"6","author":"AD Colantonio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Colantonio AD, Epeldegui M, Jesiak M, Jachimowski L, Blom B, Uittenbogaart CH (2011) IFN\u2010alpha is constitutively expressed in the human thymus, but not in peripheral lymphoid organs. PLoS One 6: e24252","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203086","volume":"190","author":"DC Otero","year":"2013","unstructured":"Otero DC, Baker DP, David M (2013) IRF7\u2010dependent IFN\u2010beta production in response to RANKL promotes medullary thymic epithelial cell development. J Immunol 190: 3289\u20133298","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17763","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903324106","volume":"106","author":"R XuFeng","year":"2009","unstructured":"XuFeng R, Boyer MJ, Shen H, Li Y, Yu H, Gao Y, Yang Q, Wang Q, Cheng T (2009) ADAR1 is required for hematopoietic progenitor cell survival via RNA editing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 17763\u201317768","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2016.1203501","volume":"14","author":"SO Ben\u2010Shoshan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ben\u2010Shoshan SO, Kagan P, Sultan M, Barabash Z, Dor C, Jacob\u2010Hirsch J, Harmelin A, Pappo O, Marcu\u2010Malina V, Ben\u2010Ari Z et\u00a0al (2016) ADAR1 deletion induces NFkappaB and interferon signaling dependent liver inflammation and fibrosis. RNA Biol 14: 587\u2013602","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2016.06.250","volume":"44","author":"BJ Liddicoat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liddicoat BJ, Hartner JC, Piskol R, Ramaswami G, Chalk AM, Kingsley PD, Sankaran VG, Wall M, Purton LE, Seeburg PH et\u00a0al (2016) Adenosine\u2010to\u2010inosine RNA editing by ADAR1 is essential for normal murine erythropoiesis. Exp Hematol 44: 947\u2013963","journal-title":"Exp Hematol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR46","first-page":"2399","volume":"119","author":"R Besch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Besch R, Poeck H, Hohenauer T, Senft D, Hacker G, Berking C, Hornung V, Endres S, Ruzicka T, Rothenfusser S et\u00a0al (2009) Proapoptotic signaling induced by RIG\u2010I and MDA\u20105 results in type I interferon\u2010independent apoptosis in human melanoma cells. J Clin Invest 119: 2399\u20132411","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6044","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803809","volume":"182","author":"D Anz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anz D, Thaler R, Stephan N, Waibler Z, Trauscheid MJ, Scholz C, Kalinke U, Barchet W, Endres S, Bourquin C (2009) Activation of melanoma differentiation\u2010associated gene 5 causes rapid involution of the thymus. J Immunol 182: 6044\u20136050","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2964","volume":"15","author":"A Dann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dann A, Poeck H, Croxford AL, Gaupp S, Kierdorf K, Knust M, Pfeifer D, Maihoefer C, Endres S, Kalinke U et\u00a0al (2011) Cytosolic RIG\u2010I\u2010like helicases act as negative regulators of sterile inflammation in the CNS. Nat Neurosci 15: 98\u2013106","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2193","volume":"13","author":"AS Papadopoulou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Papadopoulou AS, Dooley J, Linterman MA, Pierson W, Ucar O, Kyewski B, Zuklys S, Hollander GA, Matthys P, Gray DH et\u00a0al (2011) The thymic epithelial microRNA network elevates the threshold for infection\u2010associated thymic involution via miR\u201029a mediated suppression of the IFN\u2010alpha receptor. Nat Immunol 13: 181\u2013187","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12760","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01881-12","volume":"86","author":"J Dempoya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dempoya J, Matsumiya T, Imaizumi T, Hayakari R, Xing F, Yoshida H, Okumura K, Satoh K (2012) Double\u2010stranded RNA induces biphasic STAT1 phosphorylation by both type I interferon (IFN)\u2010dependent and type I IFN\u2010independent pathways. J Virol 86: 12760\u201312769","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.018","volume":"172","author":"X Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu X, Dao TVL, Huang Y, Billerbeck E, Saha D, Hoffmann HH, Wang Y, Silva LAV, Sarbanes S, Sun T et\u00a0al (2018) Intrinsic immunity shapes viral resistance of stem cells. Cell 172: 423\u2013438","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3850","volume":"15","author":"YJ Crow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crow YJ, Manel N (2015) Aicardi\u2010Goutieres syndrome and the type I interferonopathies. Nat Rev Immunol 15: 429\u2013440","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6719","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.24.15.6719-6727.2004","volume":"24","author":"M Morita","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morita M, Stamp G, Robins P, Dulic A, Rosewell I, Hrivnak G, Daly G, Lindahl T, Barnes DE (2004) Gene\u2010targeted mice lacking the Trex1 (DNase III) 3\u2032\u2013>5\u2032 DNA exonuclease develop inflammatory myocarditis. Mol Cell Biol 24: 6719\u20136727","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.06.032","volume":"134","author":"DB Stetson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stetson DB, Ko JS, Heidmann T, Medzhitov R (2008) Trex1 prevents cell\u2010intrinsic initiation of autoimmunity. Cell 134: 587\u2013598","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36887","volume":"167A","author":"YJ Crow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crow YJ, Chase DS, Lowenstein Schmidt J, Szynkiewicz M, Forte GM, Gornall HL, Oojageer A, Anderson B, Pizzino A, Helman G et\u00a0al (2015) Characterization of human disease phenotypes associated with mutations in TREX1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, SAMHD1, ADAR, and IFIH1. Am J Med Genet A 167A: 296\u2013312","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G764","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.281.3.G764","volume":"281","author":"A Burich","year":"2001","unstructured":"Burich A, Hershberg R, Waggie K, Zeng W, Brabb T, Westrich G, Viney JL, Maggio\u2010Price L (2001) Helicobacter\u2010induced inflammatory bowel disease in IL\u201010\u2010 and T cell\u2010deficient mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 281: G764\u2013G778","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002714","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002714","volume":"8","author":"SG Jeon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jeon SG, Kayama H, Ueda Y, Takahashi T, Asahara T, Tsuji H, Tsuji NM, Kiyono H, Ma JS, Kusu T et\u00a0al (2012) Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve induces IL\u201010\u2010producing Tr1 cells in the colon. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002714","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11964","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311087110","volume":"110","author":"T Nakahama","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nakahama T, Hanieh H, Nguyen NT, Chinen I, Ripley B, Millrine D, Lee S, Nyati KK, Dubey PK, Chowdhury K et\u00a0al (2013) Aryl hydrocarbon receptor\u2010mediated induction of the microRNA\u2010132\/212 cluster promotes interleukin\u201017\u2010producing T\u2010helper cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110: 11964\u201311969","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.3.1260","volume":"164","author":"XY Zhou","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhou XY, Yashiro\u2010Ohtani Y, Toyo\u2010Oka K, Park CS, Tai XG, Hamaoka T, Fujiwara H (2000) CD5 costimulation up\u2010regulates the signaling to extracellular signal\u2010regulated kinase activation in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes and supports their differentiation to the CD4 lineage. J Immunol 164: 1260\u20131268","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.10.073","volume":"17","author":"K Miyake","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miyake K, Ohta T, Nakayama H, Doe N, Terao Y, Oiki E, Nagatomo I, Yamashita Y, Abe T, Nishikura K et\u00a0al (2016) CAPS1 RNA editing\u00a0promotes dense core vesicle exocytosis. Cell Rep 17: 2004\u20132014","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.05.022","volume":"55","author":"M Yokoshi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yokoshi M, Li Q, Yamamoto M, Okada H, Suzuki Y, Kawahara Y (2014) Direct binding of Ataxin\u20102 to distinct elements in 3\u2032 UTRs promotes mRNA stability and protein expression. Mol Cell 55: 186\u2013198","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14222","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111786108","volume":"108","author":"T Nakahama","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nakahama T, Kimura A, Nguyen NT, Chinen I, Hanieh H, Nohara K, Fujii\u2010Kuriyama Y, Kishimoto T (2011) Aryl hydrocarbon receptor deficiency in T cells suppresses the development of collagen\u2010induced arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 14222\u201314227","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3317","volume":"12","author":"D Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim D, Langmead B, Salzberg SL (2015) HISAT: a fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements. Nat Methods 12: 357\u2013360","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D662","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1010","volume":"43","author":"F Cunningham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cunningham F, Amode MR, Barrell D, Beal K, Billis K, Brent S, Carvalho\u2010Silva D, Clapham P, Coates G, Fitzgerald S et\u00a0al (2015) Ensembl 2015. Nucleic Acids Res 43: D662\u2013D669","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","volume":"25","author":"H Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T, Ruan J, Homer N, Marth G, Abecasis G, Durbin R, 1000 Genome Project Data Processing Subgroup (2009) The sequence alignment\/Map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 25: 2078\u20132079","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.107524.110","volume":"20","author":"A McKenna","year":"2010","unstructured":"McKenna A, Hanna M, Banks E, Sivachenko A, Cibulskis K, Kernytsky A, Garimella K, Altshuler D, Gabriel S, Daly M et\u00a0al (2010) The Genome Analysis Toolkit: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next\u2010generation DNA sequencing data. Genome Res 20: 1297\u20131303","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.1.308","volume":"29","author":"ST Sherry","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sherry ST, Ward MH, Kholodov M, Baker J, Phan L, Smigielski EM, Sirotkin K (2001) dbSNP: the NCBI database of genetic variation. Nucleic Acids Res 29: 308\u2013311","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq603","volume":"38","author":"K Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang K, Li M, Hakonarson H (2010) ANNOVAR: functional annotation of genetic variants from high\u2010throughput sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res 38: e164","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D670","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1177","volume":"43","author":"KR Rosenbloom","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosenbloom KR, Armstrong J, Barber GP, Casper J, Clawson H, Diekhans M, Dreszer TR, Fujita PA, Guruvadoo L, Haeussler M et\u00a0al (2015) The UCSC Genome Browser database: 2015 update. Nucleic Acids Res 43: D670\u2013D681","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"BFEMBR201846303_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211","volume":"4","author":"W Huang da","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang da W, Sherman BT, Lempicki RA (2009) Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Nat Protoc 4: 44\u201357","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"}],"container-title":["The EMBO Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.15252\/embr.201846303.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.15252\/embr.201846303","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.15252\/embr.201846303\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.embopress.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.15252\/embr.201846303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.15252\/embr.201846303.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:27:32Z","timestamp":1779110852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.15252\/embr.201846303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BFEMBR201846303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/embr.201846303","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-221X","1469-3178"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-221X","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-3178","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 April 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2018","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"EMBR201846303"}}